Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 24;9(1):517. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37546-y.
Diatom-derived polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), decadienal, heptadienal and octadienal, derive from the oxidation of fatty acids and have cytotoxic and anticancer effects. PUAs, tested separately, induce malformations in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos. Decadienal induces the worst malformations and lowest survival rates. Interestingly, decadienal, heptadienal and octadienal place in motion several genes to counteract their negative effects. To date, no studies are available reporting on the effects of PUA mixtures on marine invertebrates. Here we test binary and ternary mixtures on embryonic development of P. lividus. Our findings demonstrate that mixtures of PUAs act (i) at morphological level in synergistic way, being much more severe compared to individual PUAs; (ii) at molecular level also reveal an additive effect, affecting almost all fifty genes, previously tested using individual PUAs. This study is relevant from an ecological point of view since diatoms are a major food source for both pelagic and benthic organisms. This work opens new perspectives for understanding the molecular mechanisms that marine organisms use in reacting to environmental natural toxin mixtures such as diatom PUAs.
生源多不饱和醛（PUAs），如癸二烯醛、庚二烯醛和辛二烯醛，源于脂肪酸的氧化，具有细胞毒性和抗癌作用。PUAs 经单独测试，会导致海胆 Paracentrotus lividus 胚胎畸形。癸二烯醛引起的畸形最严重，存活率最低。有趣的是，癸二烯醛、庚二烯醛和辛二烯醛会引发多种基因活动，以抵消其负面影响。迄今为止，尚无研究报告 PUA 混合物对海洋无脊椎动物的影响。在这里，我们测试了二元和三元混合物对 P. lividus 胚胎发育的影响。我们的研究结果表明，PUA 混合物（i）在协同作用下在形态水平上起作用，与单独的 PUA 相比，其作用更严重；（ii）在分子水平上也显示出相加效应，影响了之前使用单独 PUA 测试的几乎所有五十个基因。从生态角度来看，这项研究具有重要意义，因为硅藻是浮游生物和底栖生物的主要食物来源。这项工作为理解海洋生物如何应对环境天然毒素混合物（如硅藻 PUA）提供了新的视角。
