Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Mar;26(8):7840-7846. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04269-0. Epub 2019 Jan 24.
Active pharmaceutical ingredients such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are contaminants of emerging concern which are commonly detected in wastewater effluent and which can disrupt the behavior of non-target organisms. In aquatic snails, the righting response is a critical behavior that has been shown to be inhibited by exposure to SSRI-type antidepressants. We exposed marine and freshwater snails to three tricyclic antidepressants (clomipramine, amitriptyline, and imipramine) for 1 h and measured righting response time. In the marine mud snail (Ilyanassa obsoleta), all three TCAs significantly increased righting time at concentrations as low as 156 μg/L. Similarly, in the freshwater snail Leptoxis carinata, all three TCAs increased righting time at concentrations as low as 263 μg/L. However, exposure to imipramine from 15.8 to 316 μg/L resulted in significantly faster righting time. Such low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition are characteristics of a hormetic response. We discuss the possible physiological mechanism of action of TCAs and other antidepressants on snail behavior, and the occurrence of non-monotonic, hormetic dose responses to human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment.
活性药物成分，如三环类抗抑郁药（TCAs），是新兴关注污染物，通常在废水废水中被检测到，并且会干扰非靶标生物的行为。在水生蜗牛中，翻身反应是一种关键行为，已经证明它会被 SSRI 型抗抑郁药暴露所抑制。我们将海洋和淡水蜗牛暴露于三种三环类抗抑郁药（氯米帕明、阿米替林和丙咪嗪）中 1 小时，并测量翻身反应时间。在海洋泥蜗牛（Ilyanassa obsoleta）中，所有三种 TCA 在低至 156μg/L 的浓度下显著增加翻身时间。同样，在淡水蜗牛 Leptoxis carinata 中，所有三种 TCA 在低至 263μg/L 的浓度下增加翻身时间。然而，暴露于 15.8 至 316μg/L 的丙咪嗪会导致翻身时间明显加快。这种低剂量刺激和高剂量抑制是一种毒物兴奋效应的特征。我们讨论了 TCA 和其他抗抑郁药对蜗牛行为的可能生理作用机制，以及在水生环境中人类药物出现非单调、毒物兴奋剂量反应的可能性。
