Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, 300 N. Washington St., Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA.
Mar Environ Res. 2013 Mar;84:24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.11.004. Epub 2012 Nov 23.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are released into aquatic ecosystems through discharged sewage wastewater. Antidepressants are among those APIs often detected in wastewater effluent and have been recently reported to cause foot detachment from the substrate in freshwater snails. We tested the effects of four commonly prescribed antidepressants {fluoxetine ("Prozac"), fluvoxamine ("Luvox"), venlafaxine ("Effexor"), and citalopram ("Celexa") on adhesion to the substrate in five species of marine snails, three from the Pacific coast (Chlorostoma funebralis, Nucella ostrina, Urosalpinx cinerea) and two species from the Atlantic coast (Tegula fasciatus and Lithopoma americanum) of North America representing three different gastropod families. All antidepressants tested induced foot detachment from the substrate in all snail species in a mainly dose-dependent manner (p < 0.04-0.00000001). The lowest LOECs (lowest observed effect concentration) for antidepressants and snails were recorded for Lithopoma in 43.4 μg/L (100 nM) fluvoxamine and Chlorostoma in 157 μg/L (500 nM) venlafaxine and 217 μg/L (500 nM) fluvoxamine. The trochids and turbinids were 2-10× more sensitive to the antidepressants than the muricids. Latency to detachment was also dose dependent, with the fastest average times to detach seen in Chlorostoma and Lithopoma (7.33 and 13.16 min respectively in 3.13 mg/L venlafaxine). The possible physiological mechanisms regulating antidepressant-induced foot detachment in marine snails and the possible ecological consequences are discussed.
活性药物成分 (API) 通过排放的污水进入水生生态系统。抗抑郁药是经常在废水废水中检测到的 API 之一，最近有报道称它们会导致淡水蜗牛从基质上脱落足部。我们测试了四种常用抗抑郁药（氟西汀（“百忧解”）、氟伏沙明（“芦氟沙明”）、文拉法辛（“Effexor”）和西酞普兰（“Celexa”））对五种海洋蜗牛物种的附着基质的影响，这五种蜗牛分别来自太平洋海岸（Chlorostoma funebralis、Nucella ostrina、Urosalpinx cinerea）和大西洋海岸（Tegula fasciatus 和 Lithopoma americanum），它们代表了三种不同的腹足纲动物家族。所有测试的抗抑郁药都以主要剂量依赖性方式诱导所有蜗牛物种的足部从基质上脱落（p < 0.04-0.00000001）。抗抑郁药和蜗牛的最低 LOECs（最低观察到的效应浓度）记录为 Lithopoma 中的 43.4 μg/L（100 nM）氟伏沙明和 Chlorostoma 中的 157 μg/L（500 nM）文拉法辛和 217 μg/L（500 nM）氟伏沙明。trochids 和 turbinids 比 muricids 对抗抑郁药的敏感性高 2-10 倍。从附着到脱附的潜伏期也与剂量有关，在 3.13 mg/L 文拉法辛中，Chlorostoma 和 Lithopoma 的平均脱附时间最快（分别为 7.33 和 13.16 分钟）。讨论了调节海洋蜗牛中抗抑郁药诱导的足部脱落的可能生理机制以及可能产生的生态后果。
