Combining CDK4/6 inhibition with taxanes enhances anti-tumor efficacy by sustained impairment of pRB-E2F pathways in squamous cell lung cancer.

The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib reduces tumor growth by decreasing retinoblastoma (RB) protein phosphorylation and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase transition. Palbociclib in combination with anti-hormonal therapy brings significant benefit to breast cancer patients. In this study, novel combination approaches and underlying molecular/cellular mechanisms for palbociclib were explored in squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC), the second most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. While approximate 20% lung patients benefit from immunotherapy, most SqCLC patients who receive platinum-doublet chemotherapy as first-line treatment, which often includes a taxane, are still in need of more effective combination therapies. Our results demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity and anti-tumor effect with palbociclib plus taxanes at clinically achievable doses in multiple SqCLC models with diverse cancer genetic backgrounds. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed a sustained disruption of pRB-E2F signaling by combination that was accompanied with enhanced regulation of pleiotropic biological effects. These included several novel mechanisms such as abrogation of G2/M and mitotic spindle assembly checkpoints, as well as impaired induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). The decrease in HIF-1α modulated a couple key angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, resulting in an enhanced anti-angiogenic effect. This preclinical work suggests a new therapeutic opportunity for palbociclib in lung and other cancers currently treated with taxane based chemotherapy as standard of care.