Oxygen-mediated growth enhancement of an obligate anaerobic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1.

Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, an obligate anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon, showed variable oxygen (O) sensitivity depending on the types of substrate employed as an energy source. Unexpectedly, the culture with yeast extract as a sole energy source showed enhanced growth by 2-fold in the presence of O. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed the upregulation of several antioxidant-related genes encoding thioredoxin peroxidase (TON_0862), rubrerythrin (TON_0864), rubrerythrin-related protein (TON_0873), NAD(P)H rubredoxin oxidoreductase (TON_0865), or thioredoxin reductase (TON_1603), which can couple the detoxification of reactive oxygen species with the regeneration of NAD(P) from NAD(P)H. We present a plausible mechanism by which O serves to maintain the intracellular redox balance. This study demonstrates an unusual strategy of an obligate anaerobe underlying O-mediated growth enhancement despite not having heme-based or cytochrome-type proteins.