Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States.
Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States.
Plant Sci. 2019 Feb;279:70-80. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.017. Epub 2018 May 30.
Plasmodesmata (PD) allow membrane and cytoplasmic continuity between plant cells, and they are essential for intercellular communication and signaling in addition to metabolite partitioning. Plant pathogens have evolved a variety of mechanisms to subvert PD to facilitate their infection of plant hosts. PD are implicated not only in local spread around infection sites but also in the systemic spread of pathogens and pathogen-derived molecules. In turn, plants have developed strategies to limit pathogen spread via PD, and there is increasing evidence that PD may also be active players in plant defense responses. The last few years have seen important advances in understanding the roles of PD in plant-pathogen infection. Nonetheless, several critical areas remain to be addressed. Here we highlight some of these, focusing on the need to consider the effects of pathogen-PD interaction on the trafficking of endogenous molecules, and the involvement of chloroplasts in regulating PD during pathogen defense. By their very nature, PD are recalcitrant to most currently used investigative techniques, therefore answering these questions will require creative imaging and novel quantification approaches.
胞间连丝（PD）允许植物细胞之间的膜和细胞质连续性，除了代谢物分配外，它们对于细胞间通讯和信号转导也是必不可少的。植物病原体已经进化出多种机制来颠覆 PD，以促进其对植物宿主的感染。PD 不仅与感染部位周围的局部扩散有关，而且与病原体和病原体衍生分子的系统扩散有关。反过来，植物已经开发出通过 PD 限制病原体扩散的策略，越来越多的证据表明 PD 也可能是植物防御反应的积极参与者。在过去的几年中，人们在理解 PD 在植物-病原体感染中的作用方面取得了重要进展。尽管如此，仍有几个关键领域需要解决。在这里，我们重点介绍其中的一些，需要考虑病原体-PD 相互作用对内源性分子运输的影响，以及叶绿体在病原体防御过程中对 PD 的调节作用。由于 PD 的本质，它们对大多数目前使用的研究技术都有抗性，因此要回答这些问题，需要创造性的成像和新颖的定量方法。
