Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2019 May;1866(5):773-792. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016. Epub 2019 Feb 1.
Alterations in the levels of numerous second messengers are ubiquitous responses to all stresses that lead to apoptotic or hormetic responses. The sheer number and vast diversity of different second messenger systems activated in response to stresses belies a complexity that is often overlooked. This negligence is in large part due to the excessive focus on classical stress responsive second messenger mediators of stress especially Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) but also others like calcium and ceramide. Here we review the many different intracellular second messengers that are involved in stress responses. We further integrate this information to emphasize that initial stress mediated responses consist of increased levels of a multitude of intracellular second messengers that serve to elicit the appropriate cell survival and/or cell death responses. We suggest that a greater focus on second messenger systems may shed more light on the processes that serve in the initiation of stress mediated PCD.
许多第二信使水平的改变是对导致细胞凋亡或应激反应的所有应激的普遍反应。仅仅是为了应对压力而激活的不同第二信使系统的数量和巨大多样性就掩盖了一种往往被忽视的复杂性。这种忽视在很大程度上是由于人们过于关注经典的应激反应第二信使介质，尤其是活性氧（ROS），但也包括其他如钙和神经酰胺。在这里，我们回顾了参与应激反应的许多不同的细胞内第二信使。我们进一步整合这些信息，强调初始应激介导的反应包括多种细胞内第二信使水平的增加，这些第二信使的作用是引发适当的细胞存活和/或细胞死亡反应。我们认为，更多地关注第二信使系统可能会更清楚地了解在应激介导的程序性细胞死亡（PCD）的启动过程中所涉及的过程。
