Recurrent speciation of a tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus in Portugal by recombination.

Recurrent evolution can involve interspecific interactions, recognized to play a primary role in the diversification and organization of life. Both in the plant and animal kingdoms, the recurrent formation of allopolyploid species has been described. In the virosphere, recombination between isolates of different species has been shown to be a source of speciation. In this work, complete genome analysis showed that speciation through recombination of an emergent DNA plant virus, tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), has occurred independently in Portugal and Spain, confirming previous observations with tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus, also originated independently in Spain and Italy. These results will guide future research to discover new cases of recurrent emergence of recombinant virus species in geographical areas where the putative parents co-exist or can be introduced. This will reveal the role that recurrent speciation through recombination plays in the evolution of the virosphere and will help to understand the consequences of this phenomenon on the diversification of life.