State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Endocrinology. 2019 Apr 1;160(4):840-852. doi: 10.1210/en.2018-00873.
The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes. The link of genetics to physical exercise is not so tight that it prevents voluntary interventions.
体育活动（PA）对健康和健身的益处是众所周知的。从遗传力的研究中可以明显看出，PA 有相当大的遗传成分。然而，PA 是一种非常复杂的表型，因此对其遗传基础的测量和量化是一个挑战。在这篇综述中，我们评估了来自家庭和双胞胎研究的现有证据，这些研究估计了 PA 的遗传力。与问卷相比，通过加速度计评估时遗传力更高，而在双胞胎研究中比家庭研究更高。加速度计研究表明，PA 的遗传力为 51%至 56%。已经有许多全基因组连锁研究、候选基因研究和四项全基因组关联研究强调了与不同 PA 水平相关的特定遗传因素。这些研究通常未能复制已确定的基因座，除了黑素皮质素 4 受体，这可能是因为用于描述行为的测量技术的可变性。未来的工作应该旨在标准化测量 PA 的程序，以尝试确定遗传原因。遗传学与体育锻炼的联系并不那么紧密，以至于它可以防止自愿干预。
