Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
J Exp Biol. 2019 Feb 6;222(Pt Suppl 1):jeb186460. doi: 10.1242/jeb.186460.
As babies rapidly acquire motor skills that give them increasingly independent and wide-ranging access to the environment over the first two years of human life, they decrease their reliance on habit systems for spatial localization, switching to their emerging inertial navigation system and to allocentric frameworks. Initial place learning is evident towards the end of the period. From 3 to 10 years, children calibrate their ability to encode various sources of spatial information (inertial information, geometric cues, beacons, proximal landmarks and distal landmarks) and begin to combine cues, both within and across systems. Geometric cues are important, but do not constitute an innate and encapsulated module. In addition, from 3 to 10 years, children build the capacity to think about frames of reference different from their current one (i.e. to perform perspective taking). By around 12 years, we see adult-level performance and adult patterns of individual differences on cognitive mapping tasks requiring the integration of vista views of space into environmental space. These lines of development are continuous rather than stage-like. Spatial development builds on important beginnings in the neural systems of newborns, but changes in experience-expectant ways with motor development, action in the world and success-failure feedback. Human systems for integrating and manipulating spatial information also benefit from symbolic capacities and technological inventions.
在人类生命的头两年，婴儿迅速获得运动技能，使他们能够越来越独立和广泛地接触环境，在此期间，他们减少了对习惯系统进行空间定位的依赖，转而依赖新兴的惯性导航系统和以自我为中心的框架。最初的位置学习在这个阶段末期就已经很明显了。从 3 岁到 10 岁，儿童会调整自己编码各种空间信息（惯性信息、几何线索、信标、近端地标和远端地标）的能力，并开始在系统内和系统间结合线索。几何线索很重要，但它们不是一个先天的、封装的模块。此外，从 3 岁到 10 岁，儿童开始建立从当前参考系出发思考不同参考系（即进行视角转换）的能力。到 12 岁左右，我们看到了在需要将空间远景视图整合到环境空间中的认知映射任务上，儿童表现出了与成人水平相当的表现和成人个体差异模式。这些发展轨迹是连续的，而不是阶段性的。空间发展建立在新生儿神经系统的重要基础上，但随着运动发展、在世界中的行动以及成功与失败的反馈，它会以经验预期的方式发生变化。人类整合和操纵空间信息的系统也受益于符号能力和技术发明。
