Department of Psychology.
J Fam Psychol. 2019 Jun;33(4):391-400. doi: 10.1037/fam0000505. Epub 2019 Feb 7.
Empathy is a critical ability in developing relationships, and deficits in empathy have been associated with various maladaptive social outcomes. Although specific parenting styles and behaviors (including warmth and reasoning) are expected to be related to the development of child empathy, these may function differently for children with an inhibited temperament. Children with an inhibited temperament, who are at risk for developing an anxiety disorder, may also struggle with expressing empathic behaviors. These relations were tested in a longitudinal study including mothers and their toddlers. Dyads participated at time points approximately 1 year apart when toddlers were 24 and 36 months old. Moderating effects were found for parental warmth and reasoning, as well as authoritative parenting broadly. Maternal warmth was related to higher levels of empathy for only children with low levels of inhibited temperament. Maternal reasoning was related to lower levels of empathy for children with high levels of inhibited temperament. Thus, for children with low levels of inhibited temperament, warmth predicts higher empathy, and for children with high levels of inhibited temperament, reasoning predicts lower empathy. These findings are discussed within a goodness of fit framework, suggesting that children's positive outcomes depend on the match between parenting behavior and temperament. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
同理心是建立人际关系的关键能力，同理心的缺失与各种适应不良的社交结果有关。尽管人们期望特定的育儿风格和行为（包括温暖和理智）与儿童同理心的发展有关，但对于抑制气质的儿童来说，这些可能会有不同的作用。抑制气质的儿童患焦虑症的风险较高，他们也可能难以表达同理心行为。这些关系在一项包括母亲及其幼儿的纵向研究中得到了检验。在大约相隔一年的时间里，当幼儿 24 个月和 36 个月大时，对双生子进行了研究。研究发现，父母的温暖和理智以及权威教养方式都存在调节作用。只有在抑制气质水平较低的儿童中，母亲的温暖与更高水平的同理心有关。对于抑制气质水平较高的儿童，母亲的推理与同理心水平较低有关。因此，对于抑制气质水平较低的儿童来说，温暖预示着更高的同理心，而对于抑制气质水平较高的儿童来说，推理预示着同理心水平较低。这些发现是在适应度框架内讨论的，表明儿童的积极结果取决于育儿行为和气质之间的匹配。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。
