School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Apr;247:874-882. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.060. Epub 2018 Dec 21.
Fine particulate matter (Particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is associated with multiple health outcomes, with varying effects across seasons and locations. It remains largely unknown that which components of PM are most harmful to human health.
We systematically searched all the relevent studies published before August 1, 2018, on the associations of fine particulate matter constituents with mortality and morbidity, using Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE. Studies were included if they explored the associations between short term or long term exposure of fine particulate matter constituents and natural, cardiovascular or respiratory health endpoints. The criteria for the risk of bias was adapted from OHAT and New Castle Ottawa. We applied a random-effects model to derive the risk estimates for each constituent. We performed main analyses restricted to studies which adjusted the PM mass in their models.
Significant associations were observed between several PM constituents and different health endpoints. Among them, black carbon and organic carbon were most robustly and consistently associated with all natural, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Other potential toxic constituents including nitrate, sulfate, Zinc, silicon, iron, nickel, vanadium, and potassium were associated with adverse cardiovascular health, while nitrate, sulfate and vanadium were relevant for adverse respiratory health outcomes.
Our analysis suggests that black carbon and organic carbon are important detrimental components of PM, while other constituents are probably hazardous to human health. However, more studies are needed to further confirm our results.
细颗粒物（直径≤2.5μm 的颗粒物）与多种健康结果相关，其在不同季节和地区的影响也不同。目前仍不清楚 PM 的哪些成分对人类健康危害最大。
我们系统地检索了截至 2018 年 8 月 1 日发表的所有相关研究，这些研究探讨了细颗粒物成分与死亡率和发病率之间的短期或长期暴露关系，使用了 Web of Science、MEDLINE、PubMed 和 EMBASE 数据库。如果研究探索了细颗粒物成分的短期或长期暴露与自然、心血管或呼吸健康终点之间的关系，则将其纳入研究。偏倚风险的标准改编自 OHAT 和纽卡斯尔渥太华。我们应用随机效应模型来推导每个成分的风险估计值。我们进行了主要分析，仅将在模型中调整 PM 质量的研究纳入分析。
观察到几种 PM 成分与不同的健康终点之间存在显著关联。其中，黑碳和有机碳与所有自然、心血管死亡率和发病率的关联最为稳健且一致。其他潜在的有毒成分，包括硝酸盐、硫酸盐、锌、硅、铁、镍、钒和钾，与不良心血管健康相关，而硝酸盐、硫酸盐和钒与不良呼吸健康结果相关。
我们的分析表明，黑碳和有机碳是 PM 中重要的有害成分，而其他成分可能对人类健康有害。然而，需要更多的研究来进一步证实我们的结果。
