1 University of Michigan School of Nursing, Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
2 Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2019 Jun;34(11):2376-2397. doi: 10.1177/0886260519827660. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) takes on unique dimensions when directed against transgender individuals, with perpetrators leveraging transphobia to assert power and control. Standard IPV measurement tools do not assess this type of IPV. Four questions to assess transgender-related IPV (T-IPV) were developed: (a) being forced to conform to an undesired gender presentation or to stop pursuing gender transition; (b) being pressured to remain in a relationship by being told no one would date a transgender person; (c) being "outed" as a form of blackmail; and (d) having transition-related hormones, prosthetics, or clothing hidden or destroyed. The T-IPV tool was administered to 150 female-to-male transmasculine individuals completing a study of cervical cancer screening in Boston from March 2015-September 2016. Construct validity was assessed by examining correlations between T-IPV and two validated screeners of other forms of IPV (convergent) and employment status and fruit consumption (divergent). The association between T-IPV and negative health outcomes (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depression, psychological symptoms, binge drinking, number of sexual partners, and sexually transmitted infection [STI] diagnosis) were also calculated. Lifetime T-IPV was reported by 38.9%, and 10.1% reported past-year T-IPV. T-IPV was more prevalent among those who reported lifetime physical (51.7% vs. 31.7%, p = .01) and sexual (58.7% vs. 19.4%, p < .001) IPV than those who did not. Lifetime T-IPV was associated with PTSD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.04, 4.80]), depression (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI = [1.22, 5.96]), and psychological distress (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI = [1.10, 7.26]). The T-IPV assessment tool demonstrated adequate reliability and validity and measures a novel type of abuse that is prevalent and associated with significant mental health burden. Future work should further validate the measure and pilot it with male-to-female transfeminine individuals.
亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）在针对跨性别者时呈现出独特的维度，施暴者利用跨性别恐惧症来行使权力和控制。标准的 IPV 测量工具并未评估这种类型的 IPV。为评估与跨性别相关的 IPV（T-IPV）开发了四个问题：（a）被迫符合不期望的性别表现或停止追求性别转变；（b）被威胁如果不继续恋爱关系，就会被告知没有人会与跨性别者约会；（c）被“曝光”作为一种勒索手段；以及（d）过渡相关的激素、假体或衣物被隐藏或销毁。从 2015 年 3 月至 2016 年 9 月，在波士顿完成宫颈癌筛查研究的 150 名女变男跨性别男性接受了 T-IPV 工具的评估。通过检查 T-IPV 与两种已验证的其他形式 IPV 筛查工具（趋同）以及就业状况和水果摄入量（发散）之间的相关性来评估结构有效性。还计算了 T-IPV 与负面健康结果（创伤后应激障碍[PTSD]、抑郁、心理症状、狂饮、性伴侣数量和性传播感染[STI]诊断）之间的关联。38.9%的人报告有终生 T-IPV，10.1%的人报告有过去一年的 T-IPV。报告有终生身体（51.7%对 31.7%，p=.01）和性（58.7%对 19.4%，p<.001）IPV 的人比没有报告的人更常见 T-IPV。终生 T-IPV 与 PTSD（调整后优势比[AOR]=2.23，95%置信区间[CI]=[1.04，4.80]）、抑郁（AOR=2.70，95%CI=[1.22，5.96]）和心理困扰（AOR=2.82，95%CI=[1.10，7.26]）相关。T-IPV 评估工具具有足够的可靠性和有效性，可衡量一种普遍存在且与严重心理健康负担相关的新型虐待形式。未来的工作应该进一步验证该测量工具，并在男变女跨性别女性中试用。
