Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Apr 15;236:236-244. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.102. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
Food waste is a low-cost and nutritious source of feed which could be beneficial to the fishery industry. The objective of this study was to use fermented food wastes as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds for culturing jade perch (Scortum barcoo) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two experiments (a laboratory and a field trial) were conducted to test the suitability of the fish feeds for the two fish species. In the laboratory trial, six out of seven formulations (six food waste-based formulations and one commercial diet as control) were tested on jade perch whereas four out of the seven formulations were tested on Nile tilapia to study the effects of the diets on the growth performance and serum immunological parameters of fish. The formulations (Diet F and Diet A) with the best growth performance (feed conversion ratio (FCR) of jade perch (1.98) and Nile tilapia (1.28)) while having the lowest amount of fish meal (5%) were selected for field scale feeding trial. In addition, the percentage of fermented food waste ingredient in fish feed (Diet A and Diet F) was about 50% without causing significant effects on the immunity (P < 0.05) of the two fish species when compared with control diet. In the field scale feeding trial, FCR values of jade perch and Nile tilapia fed with Diet F and A were 1.06 and 1.16, respectively, which were similar to the control diet (P > 0.05). Metal/loids concentrations in fish tissue showed that both fish species fed with food waste-based pellets (Nile tilapia) Diet A: As (0.028 mg/kg), Cd (0.011 mg/kg), Cr (0.163 mg/kg), Cu (0.851 mg/kg), Hg (0.141 mg/kg), Pb (0.081 mg/kg) and Zn (30.8 mg/kg)) and jade perch Diet F: As (0.709 mg/kg), Cd (0.026 mg/kg), Cr (0.300 mg/kg), Cu (2.49 mg/kg), Hg (0.318 mg/kg), Pb (1.745 mg/kg) and Zn (40.9 mg/kg) were all below the maximum permissible levels of the local standard (As (ASO) = 6 mg/kg; Cd = 2 mg/kg; Cr = 1 mg/kg; Pb = 6 mg/kg; Hg = 0.5 mg/kg), while no permissible levels of Cu and Pb are stipulated by the standard. The results of the human health risk assessment indicated that the fish cultured with food waste-based diets were generally safe for human consumption (Hazard Index values: 0.075-0.054; cancer risk range: 2.14-8.15 × 10). The present study revealed that fermented food waste could serve as protein substitute in fish feed for the culture of quality jade perch and Nile tilapia for human consumption.
食物浪费是一种低成本且营养丰富的饲料来源，对渔业有一定益处。本研究的目的是利用发酵食物废料作为主要蛋白质来源，替代鱼类饲料中的鱼粉，用于养殖宝石鲈（Scortum barcoo）和尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）。本研究进行了两项实验（实验室和现场试验），以测试这些鱼类饲料对这两种鱼类的适用性。在实验室试验中，七种配方（六种基于食物废料的配方和一种商业饮食作为对照）中的六种被用于宝石鲈的测试，而七种配方中的四种被用于尼罗罗非鱼的测试，以研究饮食对鱼类生长性能和血清免疫参数的影响。在生长性能方面（宝石鲈的饲料转化率（FCR）为 1.98，尼罗罗非鱼的 FCR 为 1.28）表现最佳且鱼粉用量最低（5%）的配方（Diet F 和 Diet A）被选择进行现场规模的喂养试验。此外，当与对照饮食相比，两种鱼类的免疫（P < 0.05）未受到显著影响，两种鱼类饲料（Diet A 和 Diet F）中的发酵食物废料成分的百分比约为 50%。在现场规模的喂养试验中，投喂 Diet F 和 A 的宝石鲈和尼罗罗非鱼的 FCR 值分别为 1.06 和 1.16，与对照饮食相似（P > 0.05）。鱼类组织中的金属/类金属浓度表明，两种鱼类饲料（尼罗罗非鱼的 Diet A：As（0.028 mg/kg）、Cd（0.011 mg/kg）、Cr（0.163 mg/kg）、Cu（0.851 mg/kg）、Hg（0.141 mg/kg）、Pb（0.081 mg/kg）和 Zn（30.8 mg/kg））和宝石鲈的 Diet F：As（0.709 mg/kg）、Cd（0.026 mg/kg）、Cr（0.300 mg/kg）、Cu（2.49 mg/kg）、Hg（0.318 mg/kg）、Pb（1.745 mg/kg）和 Zn（40.9 mg/kg）均低于当地标准（ASO（ASO）= 6 mg/kg；Cd = 2 mg/kg；Cr = 1 mg/kg；Pb = 6 mg/kg；Hg = 0.5 mg/kg）的最大允许水平，而该标准未规定 Cu 和 Pb 的允许水平。人体健康风险评估的结果表明，用基于食物废料的饲料养殖的鱼类通常可安全供人类食用（危害指数值：0.075-0.054；癌症风险范围：2.14-8.15×10）。本研究表明，发酵食物废料可作为鱼类饲料中的蛋白质替代品，用于养殖高质量的宝石鲈和尼罗罗非鱼供人类食用。
