Eaton Sally A, Sethi Jaswinder K
Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
Biology (Basel). 2019 Feb 7;8(1):8. doi: 10.3390/biology8010008.
The current knowledge of sex-dependent differences in adipose tissue biology remains in its infancy and is motivated in part by the desire to understand why menopause is linked to an increased risk of metabolic disease. However, the development and characterization of targeted genetically-modified rodent models are shedding new light on the physiological actions of sex hormones in healthy reproductive metabolism. In this review we consider the need for differentially regulating metabolic flexibility, energy balance, and immunity in a sex-dependent manner. We discuss the recent advances in our understanding of physiological roles of systemic estrogen in regulating sex-dependent adipose tissue distribution, form and function; and in sex-dependent healthy immune function. We also review the decline in protective properties of estrogen signaling in pathophysiological settings such as obesity-related metaflammation and metabolic disease. It is clear that the many physiological actions of estrogen on energy balance, immunity, and immunometabolism together with its dynamic regulation in females make it an excellent candidate for regulating metabolic flexibility in the context of reproductive metabolism.
目前对于脂肪组织生物学中性别差异的认识仍处于起步阶段，部分原因是人们渴望了解为何更年期与代谢疾病风险增加相关。然而，靶向基因修饰啮齿动物模型的开发和特性研究正在为性激素在健康生殖代谢中的生理作用带来新的见解。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了以性别依赖方式差异调节代谢灵活性、能量平衡和免疫的必要性。我们讨论了近期在理解全身雌激素在调节性别依赖的脂肪组织分布、形态和功能以及性别依赖的健康免疫功能方面生理作用的进展。我们还回顾了在肥胖相关的元炎症和代谢疾病等病理生理环境中雌激素信号保护特性的下降。很明显，雌激素在能量平衡、免疫和免疫代谢方面的多种生理作用及其在女性中的动态调节使其成为在生殖代谢背景下调节代谢灵活性的极佳候选者。
