Heidelberg University, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Heidelberg University, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Public Health. 2019 Mar;168:117-127. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.11.016. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
The deprivation amplification hypothesis postulates that the socially disadvantaged are exposed to further structural deprivation by their residential environment such that social inequalities are therefore amplified. To date, no publication has investigated deprivation amplification solely using playgrounds; the present health geography study investigates this hypothesis with regard to the availability of playgrounds in a typical large German city.
Between July 2016 and January 2017, all playgrounds in the city of Mannheim, Germany, were identified and evaluated by systematic audits. The playground attributes such as availability, accessibility, surface area, and provided amenities were operationalized using well-established, validated instruments.
Geo-information about playgrounds was digitalized in ArcGIS 10.2-10.4 and linked to socioeconomic indicators on the meso-level, that is, on the level of 44 social areas. Availability and accessibility of playgrounds were quantified by calculating kernel density and Euclidean distance, respectively. Playground surface area and equipment provided were linked to the number of children and adolescents in the particular social area. The association between availability and accessibility of playgrounds and area-level indicators were assessed using bivariate and multiple Poisson regressions on the meso-level.
In the city of Mannheim, which covers 145 km and is home to 311,000 inhabitants, 271 playgrounds were identified. Bivariate and multiple analyses showed no association between availability and accessibility of playgrounds and area-level indicators. However, significant negative associations were found in the bivariate analyses between playground area and amenities provided per child and various area-level indicators, but not in multiple models.
Children are provided with different opportunities to play and to be physically active, depending upon the population density of their social neighborhood. At least in our study area, many socially disadvantaged families are forced to move to densely populated areas for economic reasons. Against that background, the phenomenon of 'deprivation amplification' was not confirmed for availability and accessibility of playgrounds but for playground area and number of amenities provided.
剥夺放大假说认为，社会弱势群体所处的居住环境会使他们进一步面临结构性剥夺，从而使社会不平等进一步扩大。迄今为止，尚无文献仅使用游乐场来研究剥夺放大现象；本健康地理学研究调查了德国一个典型大城市中游乐场的可达性和使用情况与这一假说的关系。
2016 年 7 月至 2017 年 1 月，采用系统审计的方法确定并评估了德国曼海姆市的所有游乐场。使用经过充分验证的标准工具来实现游乐场的可用性、可及性、表面积和提供的便利设施等属性的可操作性。
在 ArcGIS 10.2-10.4 中对游乐场的地理信息进行数字化，并将其与中观层面（即 44 个社会区域层面）的社会经济指标相关联。通过计算核密度和欧几里得距离分别量化了游乐场的可用性和可及性。将游乐场的表面积和提供的设备与特定社会区域内的儿童和青少年人数相关联。在中观层面上，使用双变量和多泊松回归评估了游乐场的可用性和可及性与区域水平指标之间的关系。
在覆盖面积为 145 公里、拥有 311000 名居民的曼海姆市，共确定了 271 个游乐场。双变量和多变量分析表明，游乐场的可用性和可及性与区域水平指标之间没有关联。然而，在双变量分析中，游乐场面积和每个孩子提供的设施与各种区域水平指标之间存在显著的负相关关系，但在多模型中则没有。
根据其社会邻里的人口密度，儿童获得的玩耍和进行身体活动的机会不同。至少在我们的研究区域内，许多社会弱势群体出于经济原因被迫搬到人口密集的地区。在此背景下，并未证实游乐场的可达性和可用性存在“剥夺放大”现象，但证实了游乐场面积和提供的设施数量存在这一现象。
