UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, 2747, Australia.
Water Res. 2019 Apr 15;153:335-348. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.020. Epub 2019 Jan 24.
Secondary disinfectants, such as chlorine and chloramine, have been widely applied to minimise microbial risks in drinking water during distribution. Key challenges have included the maintenance of stable concentrations of disinfectant residuals and the control of disinfection by-products that may form as a consequence of residual decay processes. Many factors may influence disinfectant residual stability and the consequential formation of by-products. Thus predictions of disinfectant stability and by-product formation are multifactorial problems, complete with numerous complications of parameter co-dependence and feedback amplification of some key parameters. The aim of this review was to derive an understanding of how disinfectant residual stability in drinking water distribution systems is impacted by various influencing factors such as water quality and operational parameters. Factors known to influence disinfectant stability and by-product formation were critically reviewed. A systematic review method was applied to identify 1809 journal articles published in the two decades from January 1998 to December 2017. From the initial screening, 161 papers were selected for detailed assessment. Important factors were identified to include temperature, water age, piping material, corrosion products, pH, hydraulic condition, disinfectant residual type and dosage and microbial activity. Microbial activity is a particularly complex parameter on which to base predictions since many factors are known to influence the degree and nature of such activity. These include temperature, water age, piping material, corrosion products, nutrients, natural organic matter, hydraulic condition and disinfectant residual type and dosage. Disinfectant types and dosages were found to be among the most important factors. Many knowledge gaps and research needs still remain, including the need for a more complete understanding of the factors that influence the production of nitrogenous disinfection by-products.
二次消毒剂，如氯和氯胺，已被广泛应用于减少饮用水在分配过程中的微生物风险。主要挑战包括稳定维持消毒剂残留浓度和控制可能由于残留衰减过程而形成的消毒副产物。许多因素可能会影响消毒剂残留的稳定性和副产物的形成。因此，消毒剂稳定性和副产物形成的预测是多因素问题，存在许多参数相关性和某些关键参数反馈放大的复杂问题。本综述的目的是了解水质和运行参数等各种影响因素如何影响饮用水分配系统中消毒剂残留的稳定性。对影响消毒剂稳定性和副产物形成的因素进行了批判性审查。应用系统评价方法，从 1998 年 1 月至 2017 年 12 月的二十年中，确定了 1809 篇期刊文章。经过初步筛选，选择了 161 篇论文进行详细评估。确定了重要因素，包括温度、水龄、管道材料、腐蚀产物、pH 值、水力条件、消毒剂残留类型和剂量以及微生物活性。微生物活性是一个特别复杂的参数，很难进行预测，因为有许多因素已知会影响这种活性的程度和性质。这些因素包括温度、水龄、管道材料、腐蚀产物、营养物质、天然有机物、水力条件以及消毒剂残留类型和剂量。消毒剂类型和剂量被发现是最重要的因素之一。仍存在许多知识空白和研究需求，包括需要更全面地了解影响含氮消毒副产物生成的因素。
