Woods Dale M, Fisher Alison J, Villegas Baldo
California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95832.
Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA.
Plant Dis. 2010 Feb;94(2):174-178. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-94-2-0174.
The rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis is the first pathogen released for biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). From 2004 to 2006, the pathogen was released at 176 sites in 40 counties throughout the state of California. Release sites were evaluated 1 to 3 months and 1, 2, and, in some cases, 3 years after releases to monitor for reemergence. At 1 to 3 months after inoculation, 58 to 93% of sites had rust infection, depending on the year. After 1, 2, and 3 years, the percentages declined to 19 to 21, 9 to 10, and 3% respectively. Spread was detected at 19% of the sites with rust infection, with an average distance of 21 m (±13.3 standard error). The greatest spread occurred at a site in Sonoma County. At this site, the rust spread to over 37 acres 1 year after it was released and has remained in this area for three seasons. Reemergence 1 and 2 years after inoculations was more likely in Northern (above 40°N) compared with Southern California (below 36°N). In general, reemergence was more likely at lower elevations when release sites were within 150 km of the coast. Overall, the rust has not demonstrated a strong record of persistence based on these observations.
锈菌柄锈菌菊变种夏至柄锈菌是第一种被释放用于生物防治黄矢车菊（Centaurea solstitialis）的病原体。2004年至2006年期间，该病原体在加利福尼亚州40个县的176个地点被释放。在释放后的1至3个月以及1年、2年，在某些情况下还有3年后对释放地点进行评估，以监测其再次出现的情况。接种后1至3个月，根据年份不同，58%至93%的地点出现了锈病感染。1年、2年和3年后，感染率分别降至19%至21%、9%至10%和3%。在19%出现锈病感染的地点检测到了传播，平均传播距离为21米（±13.3标准误差）。传播范围最大的是索诺马县的一个地点。在这个地点，锈病在释放1年后蔓延到了超过37英亩的区域，并且在这个区域持续了三个季节。与南加州（北纬低于36°）相比，接种后1年和2年在北加州（北纬高于40°）再次出现锈病的可能性更大。一般来说，当释放地点距离海岸150公里以内时，在较低海拔地区再次出现锈病的可能性更大。总体而言,基于这些观察结果，锈菌并没有表现出很强的持续存在记录。
