School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019 Aug;54(8):965-975. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01670-5. Epub 2019 Feb 12.
Although parental criminal offending is a recognized risk factor for conduct problems among offspring, its impact on the continuity and discontinuity of children's behavioural and emotional difficulties during the early development is less well known. We used data from a large, population-based record-linkage project to examine the relationship between parental offending and the continuity and discontinuity of children's conduct, attentional, and emotional difficulties from early to middle childhood while also considering the role of timing of the parental offending exposure.
Data for 19,208 children and their parents were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study. Multinomial regression analyses tested associations between mother's and father's history and timing of any and violent offending, and patterns of continuity or discontinuity in offspring emotional, conduct, and attentional difficulties between ages 5 and 11 years.
Maternal and paternal offending each conferred a significantly increased risk of all the patterns of developmental difficulties, including those limited to age 5 only (remitting problems), to age 11 only (incident problems), and to difficulties present at both ages 5 and 11 years (persisting problems). Greatest odds were observed for persisting conduct problems. Paternal offending that continued through early and middle childhood had the greatest association with child difficulties, while the timing of maternal offending had a less prominent effect on child developmental difficulties.
Parental offending is a strong risk factor for early and pervasive behavioural and emotional problems in offspring, and may be a key indicator of high risk for later antisocial behaviour.
尽管父母犯罪是子女行为问题的公认风险因素，但它对儿童行为和情感困难在早期发展中的连续性和非连续性的影响知之甚少。我们使用来自大型基于人群的记录链接项目的数据，考察了父母犯罪与儿童从早期到中期的行为、注意力和情感困难的连续性和非连续性之间的关系，同时也考虑了父母犯罪暴露的时间。
数据来自新南威尔士州儿童发展研究，共涉及 19208 名儿童及其父母。多项回归分析测试了母亲和父亲的犯罪史和任何暴力犯罪的时间与子女情绪、行为和注意力困难在 5 至 11 岁之间连续性或非连续性模式之间的关联。
母亲和父亲的犯罪都显著增加了所有发展困难模式的风险，包括仅在 5 岁时（缓解问题）、仅在 11 岁时（新发病例）和在 5 岁和 11 岁时都存在困难（持续存在问题）的模式。持续存在的行为问题的几率最大。贯穿幼儿期和中期的父亲犯罪与儿童困难的关联最大，而母亲犯罪的时间对儿童发展困难的影响较小。
父母犯罪是子女早期和普遍存在的行为和情感问题的强烈风险因素，可能是后期反社会行为高风险的一个关键指标。
