National Institute for Health and Welfare, Environmental Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Environmental Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
Chemosphere. 2019 May;223:99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.027. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Brominated and phosphorous flame retardants (BFRs, PFRs) are added to household and consumer products to reduce their flammability. Some FRs are persistent in the environment and may have adverse health effects. As exposure indoors contributes significantly to total exposure, we wanted to estimate the exposure of children (3 years of age) through dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. We measured 17 BFRs and 10 PFRs in indoor dust, predicted their respective concentrations in the indoor air and assessed children's exposure. Among the BFRs, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) had highest median level in the dust (411 ng/g) followed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE, 119 ng/g) and bis-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, 106 ng/g). Among the PFRs, trisbutoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP) had the highest concentration (11100 ng/g) followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, 1870 ng/g) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, 773 ng/g). FR concentration in air predicted from dust concentrations were within the interquartile range of experimental data for 10/13 of BFRs and 4/8 of PFRs compared. Dust ingestion was the major route of exposure (75-99%) for higher molecular weight BFRs, TBOEP and phenyl based PFRs (73-77%). Inhalation was important for volatile BFRs like pentabromobenzene (PBB 71%) and pentabromotoluene (PBT 52%) and dermal exposure for volatile chlorinated PFRs (TCEP 84%, TCIPP 77%). Margins of Exposure (MoE) were calculated as the ratio of total exposure to oral Reference Dose (RfD). MoEs were lowest for TCEP (220), TBOEP (240) and TCIPP (830), and > 1000 for all other FRs. These MoEs imply no risk for Finnish children by the studied FRs.
溴化和磷系阻燃剂（BFRs 和 PFRs）被添加到家用和消费品中，以降低其可燃性。一些阻燃剂在环境中具有持久性，可能对健康产生不良影响。由于室内暴露对总暴露的贡献很大，我们希望估计儿童（3 岁）通过灰尘摄入、吸入和皮肤吸收暴露的情况。我们测量了室内灰尘中的 17 种 BFR 和 10 种 PFR，预测了它们在室内空气中的相应浓度，并评估了儿童的暴露情况。在 BFR 中，十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）在灰尘中的浓度最高（中位数 411ng/g），其次是十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE，119ng/g）和双（2-乙基己基）四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（BEH-TEBP，106ng/g）。在 PFR 中，三丁氧基乙基磷酸酯（TBOEP）的浓度最高（11100ng/g），其次是三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TCIPP，1870ng/g）和磷酸三苯酯（TPHP，773ng/g）。与实验数据的四分位间距相比，从灰尘浓度预测的空气中 FR 浓度可用于 13 种 BFR 中的 10 种和 8 种 PFR 中的 4 种。对于高分子量 BFR、TBOEP 和基于苯基的 PFR，灰尘摄入是主要暴露途径（75-99%）。对于挥发性 BFR，如五溴苯（PBB，71%）和五溴甲苯（PBT，52%），吸入是重要的暴露途径，对于挥发性氯化 PFR，如三氯乙烯（TCEP，84%）和 TCIPP（77%），皮肤暴露是重要的暴露途径。暴露量比（MoE）是总暴露量与口服参考剂量（RfD）的比值。TCEP（220）、TBOEP（240）和 TCIPP（830）的 MoE 最低，所有其他 FR 的 MoE 均>1000。这些 MoE 表明，在所研究的 FR 中，芬兰儿童没有风险。
