National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Apr;26(11):10835-10845. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04257-4. Epub 2019 Feb 18.
Cigarette sidestream smoke particulate matter (CSSP) is a major source of airborne metals in the indoor environment. However, the health impacts of inhalation of CSSP-bound metals are rarely studied. In this study, we quantify the amount of 37 metals discharged through CSSP from a leading Taiwan brand of cigarette, Long Life. We also estimate cancer and non-cancer risks due to inhalation of these metals and investigate possible modes of toxic action. Long Life CSSP exhibits a distinctive carcinogenic metal profile compared with Western brands. When released to a 60-m poorly ventilated room, Long Life CSSP metals increase the risk for cancer by a 9.26 or 20.90 in a million chance and the hazard quotient for non-cancer toxicity by 0.496 or 0.286 per cigarette depending on risk estimation system. Cd accounts for more than 90% and 80% of cancer and non-cancer risk, respectively. Long Life CSSP also contains considerable amounts of Al, Ba, and Fe. Metals are not responsible for CSSP-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and transactivation activity of AhR, Nrf2, and ERα. However, they diminish resveratrol-activated Nrf2 activity and downstream antioxidant gene expression in low-AhR-expressing lung cells. Our results suggest that chronic exposure to Long Life CSSP elevates Cd-associated cancer and non-cancer risks. Furthermore, exposure to Long Life CSSP metals may impair Nrf2-mediated antioxidant protection.
香烟侧流烟雾颗粒物（CSSP）是室内空气中空气中金属的主要来源。然而，吸入 CSSP 结合的金属对健康的影响很少被研究。在这项研究中，我们定量了从台湾领先品牌长寿香烟中通过 CSSP 排放的 37 种金属的数量。我们还估计了吸入这些金属的癌症和非癌症风险，并调查了可能的毒性作用模式。与西方品牌相比，长寿 CSSP 表现出独特的致癌金属特征。当释放到通风不良的 60 立方米的小房间时，长寿 CSSP 金属会使癌症风险增加 9.26 或 20.90 百万分之一的机会，非癌症毒性的危害系数增加 0.496 或 0.286 每支香烟，具体取决于风险评估系统。Cd 分别占癌症和非癌症风险的 90%以上和 80%以上。长寿 CSSP 还含有相当数量的 Al、Ba 和 Fe。金属不是 CSSP 诱导的细胞毒性、氧化应激和 AhR、Nrf2 和 ERα 的转录激活的原因。然而，它们会降低低 AhR 表达的肺细胞中白藜芦醇激活的 Nrf2 活性和下游抗氧化基因表达。我们的结果表明，长期接触长寿 CSSP 会增加与 Cd 相关的癌症和非癌症风险。此外，暴露于长寿 CSSP 金属可能会损害 Nrf2 介导的抗氧化保护。
