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领导的进化模型:检验与综合。

Evolutionary Models of Leadership : Tests and Synthesis.

机构信息

Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA, 98686-9600, USA.

出版信息

Hum Nat. 2019 Mar;30(1):23-58. doi: 10.1007/s12110-019-09338-4.

Abstract

This study tested four theoretical models of leadership with data from the ethnographic record. The first was a game-theoretical model of leadership in collective actions, in which followers prefer and reward a leader who monitors and sanctions free-riders as group size increases. The second was the dominance model, in which dominant leaders threaten followers with physical or social harm. The third, the prestige model, suggests leaders with valued skills and expertise are chosen by followers who strive to emulate them. The fourth proposes that in small-scale, kin-based societies, men with high neural capital are best able to achieve and maintain positions of social influence (e.g., as headmen) and thereby often become polygynous and have more offspring than other men, which positively selects for greater neural capital. Using multiple search strategies we identified more than 1000 texts relevant to leadership in the Probability Sample of 60 cultures from the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF). We operationalized the model with variables and then coded all retrieved text records on the presence or absence of evidence for each of these 24 variables. We found mixed support for the collective action model, broad support for components of the prestige leadership style and the importance of neural capital and polygyny among leaders, but more limited support for the dominance leadership style. We found little evidence, however, of emulation of, or prestige-biased learning toward, leaders. We found that improving collective actions, having expertise, providing counsel, and being respected, having high neural capital, and being polygynous are common properties of leaders, which warrants a synthesis of the collective action, prestige, and neural capital and reproductive skew models. We sketch one such synthesis involving high-quality decision-making and other computational services.

摘要

本研究通过对民族志记录中的数据,检验了四个领导力的理论模型。第一个是集体行动中领导的博弈论模型,在该模型中,随着群体规模的增大,追随者更喜欢并奖励那些监督和制裁搭便车者的领导者。第二个是支配模型,在该模型中,支配性的领导者会以身体或社会伤害来威胁追随者。第三个是威望模型,该模型表明,具有有价值的技能和专业知识的领导者会被追随者选择,而追随者则努力效仿他们。第四个模型提出,在小规模、基于亲属关系的社会中,拥有高神经资本的男性最能够获得和维持社会影响力的地位(例如,作为首领),从而通常成为多配偶制者,并拥有比其他男性更多的后代,这对更高的神经资本产生了积极的选择。我们使用多种搜索策略,从人类关系档案(HRAF)的 60 个文化概率样本中确定了 1000 多份与领导力相关的文本。我们用变量来操作模型,然后对所有检索到的文本记录进行编码,以确定这些 24 个变量中的每一个变量是否存在证据。我们发现,对集体行动模型的支持是混合的,对威望领导风格的组成部分以及领导者的神经资本和多配偶制的重要性的支持是广泛的,但对支配领导风格的支持则更为有限。然而,我们几乎没有发现对领导者的模仿或对威望的偏见学习的证据。我们发现,改善集体行动、拥有专业知识、提供建议和获得尊重、拥有高神经资本以及成为多配偶制者,是领导者的共同特征,这需要对集体行动、威望、神经资本和生殖倾斜模型进行综合。我们勾勒出了一个涉及高质量决策和其他计算服务的综合模型。

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