Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2019 Jul;47(5):906-922. doi: 10.3758/s13421-019-00907-7.
Studies typically show that perceptual difficulties at the time of encoding lower memory predictions. One potential exception to this is the inverted-word manipulation, in which participants produce equivalent memory predictions for upright and inverted words, despite higher free-recall performance for the inverted words (Sungkhasettee, Friedman, & Castel in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 973-978, 2011). In the present set of experiments, we aimed to investigate the contributions of online perceptual difficulties versus a priori beliefs through two disfluency manipulations conceptually similar to the inverted-word manipulation: inversion and canonicity. The inversion manipulation involved presentation of upright and inverted object images, whereas the canonicity manipulation involved presentation of objects to participants from frequent (canonical) or infrequent (noncanonical) viewing perspectives. Memory predictions were made either on an item-by-item basis or aggregately. In all studies, the perceptual identification latencies for inverted and noncanonical items were slower than those for upright and canonical items, respectively. In experiments conducted with item-by-item memory predictions, predictions were not significantly different from each other across encoding conditions. In contrast, in experiments using aggregate memory predictions, fluent items produced higher memory predictions than did disfluent items. These results show that in certain cases, participants may not consider online objective perceptual difficulties. Moreover, item-by-item and aggregate memory predictions produce different patterns, evidence of a dissociation between the two types of predictions. The results are discussed in light of theories that rely on objective perceptual fluency differences across encoding conditions versus theories that rely on participants' a priori beliefs about fluency.
研究通常表明，在编码时的感知困难会降低记忆预测。一个潜在的例外是倒置词操作，在这种操作中，参与者对正立和倒置的单词产生了相同的记忆预测，尽管倒置单词的自由回忆表现更高（Sungkhasettee、Friedman 和 Castel 在《心理学期刊与评论》，18，973-978，2011）。在本系列实验中，我们旨在通过两种与倒置词操作在概念上相似的不流畅性操作来研究在线感知困难和先验信念的贡献：倒置和规范。倒置操作涉及呈现正立和倒置的物体图像，而规范操作涉及从常见（规范）或不常见（非规范）视角向参与者呈现物体。记忆预测可以逐个项目进行，也可以汇总进行。在所有研究中，倒置和非规范项目的感知识别潜伏期分别慢于正立和规范项目的潜伏期。在进行逐个项目记忆预测的实验中，预测在不同的编码条件下彼此之间没有显著差异。相比之下，在使用汇总记忆预测的实验中，流畅的项目产生的记忆预测高于不流畅的项目。这些结果表明，在某些情况下，参与者可能不会考虑在线的客观感知困难。此外，逐个项目和汇总记忆预测产生不同的模式，这表明两种类型的预测之间存在分离。结果讨论了依赖于编码条件下客观感知流畅性差异的理论和依赖于参与者对流畅性的先验信念的理论。
