Besken Miri
Department of Psychology, Bilkent University.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2018 Mar;44(3):465-484. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000459. Epub 2017 Sep 21.
Manipulations that induce disfluency during encoding generally produce lower memory predictions for the disfluent condition than for the fluent condition. Similar to other manipulations of disfluency, generating lies takes longer and requires more mental effort than does telling the truth; hence, a manipulation of lie generation might produce patterns similar to other types of fluency for memory predictions. The current study systematically investigates the effect of a lie-generation manipulation on both actual and predicted memory performance. In a series of experiments, participants told the truth or generated plausible lies to general knowledge questions and made item-by-item predictions about their subsequent memory performance during encoding, followed by a free recall test. Participants consistently predicted their memory performance to be higher for truth than for lies (Experiments 1 through 4), despite their typically superior actual memory performance for lies than for the truth (Experiments 1 through 3), producing double dissociations between memory and metamemory. Moreover, lying led to longer response latencies than did telling the truth, showing that generating lies is in fact objectively more disfluent. An additional experiment compared memory predictions for truth and lie trials via a scenario about the lie-generation manipulation used in the present study, which revealed superior memory predictions of truth than of lies, providing proof for a priori beliefs about the effects of lying on predicted memory (Experiment 5). The effects of the current lie-generation manipulation on metamemory are discussed in light of experience-based and theory-based processes on making judgments of learning. Theoretical and practical implications of this experimental paradigm are also considered. (PsycINFO Database Record
在编码过程中引发不流畅感的操作，通常会使人们对不流畅条件下的记忆预测低于流畅条件下的记忆预测。与其他不流畅感操作类似，编造谎言比说实话耗时更长且需要更多脑力；因此，编造谎言的操作可能会产生与其他类型流畅性类似的记忆预测模式。本研究系统地探究了编造谎言操作对实际记忆表现和预测记忆表现的影响。在一系列实验中，参与者对常识性问题如实作答或编造看似合理的谎言，并在编码过程中逐题预测自己随后的记忆表现，之后进行自由回忆测试。尽管在通常情况下，参与者对谎言的实际记忆表现优于对实话的记忆表现（实验1至3），但他们始终预测自己对实话的记忆表现高于对谎言的记忆表现（实验1至4），从而在记忆和元记忆之间产生了双重分离。此外，编造谎言比说实话导致更长的反应潜伏期，这表明编造谎言实际上在客观上更不流畅。另一项实验通过一个关于本研究中使用的编造谎言操作的情景，比较了对实话和谎言试验的记忆预测，结果显示对实话的记忆预测优于对谎言的记忆预测，为关于说谎对预测记忆影响的先验信念提供了证据（实验5）。本研究结合基于经验和基于理论的学习判断过程，讨论了当前编造谎言操作对元记忆的影响。同时也考虑了这一实验范式的理论和实际意义。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》 ）
