Cardiac pacemakers: a basic review of the history and current technology.

In the 60 years since the first human implant of a cardiac pacemaker, tremendous improvements have been made to devices themselves as well as the lead systems. Improvement in battery materials has allowed for production of smaller devices with greater longevity and a vast array of technologies allowing for communication between the device and the operator. Lead wires, typically to as the weakest part of the pacing system, have also seen a metamorphosis as improvements in conductor materials and hybrid insulation have been shown to improve reliability. With the recent development of leadless pacing systems, the downfalls of implantable leads can be avoided. These improvements have allowed a more widespread use of cardiac pacing in veterinary applications since the first reported canine implant in 1967.