Vera Jesús, Jiménez Raimundo, Redondo Beatríz, Madinabeitia Iker, Madinabeitia Iñigo, Alarcón López Francisco, Cárdenas David
Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Mixed University Sport and Health Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Optom Vis Sci. 2019 Mar;96(3):164-171. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001350.
Our data demonstrate that intraocular pressure (IOP) is sensitive to anxiety manipulation in sport scenarios, specifically in a basketball free throw task. The present outcomes may be of special relevance because of its practical advantages for the objective control of athletes' anxiety levels.
Athletes experience high levels of anxiety during sport competition, and IOP has demonstrated to reflect autonomous nervous system changes during mentally demanding situations. We tested whether different levels of induced anxiety during basketball free throw shooting alter IOP.
We followed a repeated-measures design to test the effects of anxiety-induced manipulation during basketball free throw shooting on IOP, shooting performance, and perceived anxiety. Eighteen amateur basketball players performed three experimental sessions consisting of 100 free throws each. However, we gave three different instructions to participants regarding the score assigned to each free throw, allowing us to manipulate the level of induced anxiety (low, medium, and high).
Confirming a successful anxiety manipulation, basketball players reported more perceived anxiety with higher levels of induced anxiety (P < .001, η = 0.37). Our data show that higher levels of induced anxiety provoke an acute IOP rise (P < .001, η = 0.44), with the low-, medium-, and high-anxiety-induced conditions promoting an average IOP rise of 0.21, 1.63, and 18.46%, respectively. Also, there was a linear IOP rise over time in the high-anxiety-induced condition (r = 0.82). Nevertheless, we found no effect of anxiety-induced manipulation on basketball free throw performance (P = .93).
Intraocular pressure is sensitive to anxiety-induced manipulation during basketball free throw shooting, showing an increase in parallel with accumulated anxiety. Based on these findings, IOP may be considered a promising tool for the assessment of the level of anxiety in certain sport situations. Future studies are required to explore the generalizability of these results in other scenarios with different physical and mental demands.
我们的数据表明，在运动场景中，尤其是在篮球罚球任务中，眼压（IOP）对焦虑操纵敏感。由于其在客观控制运动员焦虑水平方面的实际优势，目前的结果可能具有特殊的相关性。
运动员在体育比赛中会经历高水平的焦虑，并且眼压已被证明能反映在精神要求较高的情况下自主神经系统的变化。我们测试了篮球罚球时不同程度的诱导焦虑是否会改变眼压。
我们采用重复测量设计，以测试篮球罚球时焦虑诱导操纵对眼压、投篮表现和感知焦虑的影响。18名业余篮球运动员进行了三个实验环节，每个环节包括100次罚球。然而，我们就每次罚球的得分向参与者给出了三种不同的指示，从而使我们能够操纵诱导焦虑的程度（低、中、高）。
证实了焦虑操纵成功，篮球运动员报告随着诱导焦虑程度的提高，感知焦虑更多（P <.001，η = 0.37）。我们的数据表明，较高水平的诱导焦虑会引发眼压急性升高（P <.001，η = 0.44），低、中、高焦虑诱导条件下眼压平均升高分别为0.21%、1.63%和18.46%。此外，在高焦虑诱导条件下，眼压随时间呈线性升高（r = 0.82）。然而，我们发现焦虑诱导操纵对篮球罚球表现没有影响（P =.93）。
在篮球罚球时，眼压对焦虑诱导操纵敏感，与累积焦虑平行增加。基于这些发现，眼压可能被认为是评估某些运动情境中焦虑水平的一个有前景的工具。未来需要进行研究，以探索这些结果在其他具有不同身心需求的场景中的普遍性。
