Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
Behav Res Methods. 2019 Aug;51(4):1676-1692. doi: 10.3758/s13428-019-01213-5.
The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect (i.e., faster reactions to small/large numbers on the left-/right-hand side) is usually observed along with the linguistic Markedness of Response Codes (MARC) effect-that is, faster left-/right-hand responses to odd/even numbers. The SNARC effect is one of the most thoroughly investigated phenomena in numerical cognition. However, almost all SNARC and MARC studies to date were conducted with sample sizes smaller than 100. Here we report on a study with 1,156 participants from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds performing a typical parity judgment task. We investigated whether (1) the SNARC and MARC effects can be observed in an online setup, (2) the properties of these effects observed online are similar to those observed in laboratory setups, (3) the effects are reliable, and (4) they are valid. We found robust SNARC and MARC effects. Their magnitude and reliabilities were comparable to values previously reported in in-lab studies. Furthermore, we reproduced commonly observed validity correlations of the SNARC and MARC effects. Namely, SNARC and MARC correlated with mean reaction times and intraindividual variability in reaction times. Additionally, we found interindividual differences in the SNARC and MARC effects (e.g., finger-counting routines for the SNARC and handedness for the MARC). Large-scale testing via web-based data acquisition not only produces SNARC and MARC effects and validity correlations similar to those from small, in-lab studies, but also reveals substantial insights with regard to interindividual differences that usually cannot be revealed in the offline laboratory, due to power considerations.
数字空间关联反应编码效应（即对左手/右手侧小/大数字的反应更快）通常与反应编码标记效应（即对奇数/偶数的左手/右手反应更快）一起观察到。SNARC 效应是数字认知中研究最透彻的现象之一。然而，迄今为止，几乎所有的 SNARC 和 MARC 研究的样本量都小于 100。在这里，我们报告了一项涉及来自不同语言和文化背景的 1156 名参与者的研究，他们执行了一项典型的奇偶判断任务。我们调查了以下问题：（1）SNARC 和 MARC 效应是否可以在线性设置中观察到；（2）在线性设置中观察到的这些效应的性质是否与在实验室设置中观察到的相似；（3）这些效应是否可靠；（4）它们是否有效。我们发现了强大的 SNARC 和 MARC 效应。它们的大小和可靠性与之前在实验室研究中报告的值相当。此外，我们重现了 SNARC 和 MARC 效应常见的有效性相关性。即，SNARC 和 MARC 与平均反应时间和反应时间的个体内变异性相关。此外，我们发现了 SNARC 和 MARC 效应的个体间差异（例如，用于 SNARC 的手指计数程序和用于 MARC 的 handedness）。通过基于网络的数据集采集进行大规模测试，不仅产生了与小型实验室研究相似的 SNARC 和 MARC 效应和有效性相关性，而且还揭示了个体间差异的重要见解，由于考虑到电力问题，这些差异通常在离线实验室中无法揭示。
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