Regenerative Processing Plant-RPP, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N Palm Harbor, Palm Harbor, FL, United States.
Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;14(4):327-336. doi: 10.2174/1574888X14666190222201749.
Amniotic Fluid Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AF-MSCs) are adult, fibroblast- like, self-renewable, multipotent stem cells. During the last decade, the therapeutic potential of AF-MSCs, based on their huge differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory characteristics, has been extensively explored in animal models of degenerative and inflammatory diseases.
In order to describe molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of AFMSCs, we summarized current knowledge about phenotype, differentiation potential and immunosuppressive properties of AF-MSCs.
An extensive literature review was carried out in March 2018 across several databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar), from 1990 to present. Keywords used in the selection were: "amniotic fluid derived mesenchymal stem cells", "cell-therapy", "degenerative diseases", "inflammatory diseases", "regeneration", "immunosuppression". Studies that emphasized molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for AF-MSC-based therapy were analyzed in this review.
AF-MSCs have huge differentiation and immunosuppressive potential. AF-MSCs are capable of generating cells of mesodermal origin (chondrocytes, osteocytes and adipocytes), neural cells, hepatocytes, alveolar epithelial cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes and germ cells. AF-MSCs, in juxtacrine or paracrine manner, regulate proliferation, activation and effector function of immune cells. Due to their huge differentiation capacity and immunosuppressive characteristic, transplantation of AFMSCs showed beneficent effects in animal models of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of nervous, respiratory, urogenital, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system.
Considering the fact that amniotic fluid is obtained through routine prenatal diagnosis, with minimal invasive procedure and without ethical concerns, AF-MSCs represents a valuable source for cell-based therapy of organ-specific or systemic degenerative and inflammatory diseases.
羊水来源间充质干细胞（AF-MSCs）是成体、成纤维细胞样、自我更新、多能干细胞。在过去十年中，基于其巨大的分化能力和免疫调节特性，AF-MSCs 在退行性和炎症性疾病的动物模型中得到了广泛的研究。
为了描述 AF-MSCs 治疗效果的分子机制，我们总结了 AF-MSCs 的表型、分化潜能和免疫抑制特性的现有知识。
2018 年 3 月，我们在多个数据库（MEDLINE、EMBASE、Google Scholar）中进行了广泛的文献综述，检索时间从 1990 年至今。选择中使用的关键词为：“羊水来源间充质干细胞”、“细胞治疗”、“退行性疾病”、“炎症性疾病”、“再生”、“免疫抑制”。本综述分析了强调基于 AF-MSC 治疗的分子和细胞机制的研究。
AF-MSCs 具有巨大的分化和免疫抑制潜力。AF-MSCs 能够生成中胚层来源的细胞（软骨细胞、成骨细胞和脂肪细胞）、神经细胞、肝细胞、肺泡上皮细胞、胰岛素产生细胞、心肌细胞和生殖细胞。AF-MSCs 以旁分泌或自分泌的方式调节免疫细胞的增殖、激活和效应功能。由于其巨大的分化能力和免疫抑制特性，AF-MSCs 在神经、呼吸、泌尿生殖、心血管和胃肠道系统退行性和炎症性疾病的动物模型中显示出有益的效果。
鉴于羊水是通过常规产前诊断获得的，具有微创程序且不存在伦理问题，因此 AF-MSCs 是针对特定器官或全身退行性和炎症性疾病的基于细胞的治疗的有价值的来源。
