Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
FASEB J. 2019 May;33(5):6497-6513. doi: 10.1096/fj.201800947RR. Epub 2019 Feb 26.
A type 1 immune response is involved in atherosclerosis progression, whereas the role of a type 2 polarization, especially with regard to an enhanced T helper (T)2 cell differentiation, is still unclear. Helminths trigger type 2 immune responses, protecting the host from inflammatory disorders. We investigated whether an increased type 2 polarization by administration of adult worm extract (LsAg) affects atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) mice. Injections of 50 µg LsAg, i.p. into ApoE mice induced a type 2 immune response shown by increased frequencies of peritoneal eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. To analyze the effect of LsAg on atherosclerosis initiation, ApoE mice received a high-fat diet for 12 wk and weekly injections of 50 µg LsAg from wk 5 to 12. Therapeutic effects on advanced atherosclerosis were analyzed in mice that were fed a high-fat diet for 12 wk followed by 12 wk of normal chow and weekly LsAg injections. Both preventive and therapeutic LsAg application significantly decreased plaque size. Therapeutic treatment even caused regression of plaque size and macrophage density in the aortic root and reduced T1-specific gene expression and intraplaque inflammation. In addition, plaque size after therapeutic treatment was inversely correlated with plaque-infiltrated alternatively activated macrophages. , LsAg treatment of HUVECs reduced intracellular levels of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65, IκB-α, and JNK1/2. In bifurcation flow-through slides, THP-1 cell adhesion to a HUVEC monolayer was decreased by LsAg in regions of nonuniform shear stress. Applying inhibitors of the respective kinases suggests JNK1/2 inhibition is involved in the suppressed cell adhesion. A switch to an enhanced type 2 immune response by LsAg exerts antiatherogenic effects on murine plaque development, indicating a protective role of a hampered type 1 polarization. , LsAg affects endothelial signaling pathways, among which JNK1/2 inhibition seems to be involved in the suppression of monocytic cell adhesion under proatherogenic shear stress.-Constanze, K., Tauchi, M., Furtmair, R., Urschel, K., Raaz-Schrauder, D., Neumann, A.-L., Frohberger, S. J., Hoerauf, A., Regus, S., Lang, W., Sagban, T. A., Stumpfe, F. M., Achenbach, S., Hübner, M. P., Dietel, B. Filarial extract of induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice.
1 型免疫反应参与动脉粥样硬化的进展,而 2 型极化的作用,特别是增强辅助性 T(Th)2 细胞分化的作用仍不清楚。蠕虫可引发 2 型免疫反应,从而保护宿主免受炎症性疾病的影响。我们研究了通过给予成虫提取物(LsAg)增加 2 型极化是否会影响载脂蛋白 E 缺陷(ApoE)小鼠的动脉粥样硬化。向 ApoE 小鼠腹腔内注射 50μg LsAg 可诱导出 2 型免疫反应,表现为腹腔嗜酸性粒细胞和选择性激活的巨噬细胞的频率增加。为了分析 LsAg 对动脉粥样硬化起始的影响,ApoE 小鼠接受高脂肪饮食 12 周,并从第 5 周到第 12 周每周注射 50μg LsAg。在接受高脂肪饮食 12 周后接受 12 周正常饮食和每周 LsAg 注射的小鼠中分析了对晚期动脉粥样硬化的治疗效果。预防性和治疗性 LsAg 应用均显著降低了斑块大小。治疗性治疗甚至导致主动脉根部斑块大小和巨噬细胞密度的消退,并降低了 T1 特异性基因表达和斑块内炎症。此外,治疗后的斑块大小与斑块浸润的选择性激活的巨噬细胞呈负相关。在人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)中,LsAg 处理降低了细胞内磷酸化 NF-κB-p65、IκB-α 和 JNK1/2 的水平。在分叉式流量幻灯片中,LsAg 在非均匀切应力区域减少了 THP-1 细胞对 HUVEC 单层的黏附。应用各自激酶的抑制剂表明,JNK1/2 抑制参与了抑制细胞黏附。通过 LsAg 向增强的 2 型免疫反应的转变对小鼠斑块的发展具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用,表明 1 型极化受阻具有保护作用。在人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)中,LsAg 处理降低了细胞内磷酸化 NF-κB-p65、IκB-α 和 JNK1/2 的水平。在分叉式流量幻灯片中,LsAg 在非均匀切应力区域减少了 THP-1 细胞对 HUVEC 单层的黏附。应用各自激酶的抑制剂表明,JNK1/2 抑制参与了抑制细胞黏附。通过 LsAg 向增强的 2 型免疫反应的转变对小鼠斑块的发展具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用,表明 1 型极化受阻具有保护作用。在人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)中,LsAg 处理降低了细胞内磷酸化 NF-κB-p65、IκB-α 和 JNK1/2 的水平。在分叉式流量幻灯片中,LsAg 在非均匀切应力区域减少了 THP-1 细胞对 HUVEC 单层的黏附。应用各自激酶的抑制剂表明,JNK1/2 抑制参与了抑制细胞黏附。通过 LsAg 向增强的 2 型免疫反应的转变对小鼠斑块的发展具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用,表明 1 型极化受阻具有保护作用。在 HUVEC 中,LsAg 处理降低了细胞内磷酸化 NF-κB-p65、IκB-α 和 JNK1/2 的水平。在分叉式流量幻灯片中,LsAg 在非均匀切应力区域减少了 THP-1 细胞对 HUVEC 单层的黏附。应用各自激酶的抑制剂表明,JNK1/2 抑制参与了抑制细胞黏附。通过 LsAg 向增强的 2 型免疫反应的转变对小鼠斑块的发展具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用,表明 1 型极化受阻具有保护作用。,LsAg 处理人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)降低了细胞内磷酸化 NF-κB-p65、IκB-α 和 JNK1/2 的水平。在分叉式流量幻灯片中,LsAg 在非均匀切应力区域减少了 THP-1 细胞对 HUVEC 单层的黏附。应用各自激酶的抑制剂表明,JNK1/2 抑制参与了抑制细胞黏附。通过 LsAg 向增强的 2 型免疫反应的转变对小鼠斑块的发展具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用,表明 1 型极化受阻具有保护作用。,LsAg 影响内皮细胞信号通路,其中 JNK1/2 抑制似乎参与了促动脉粥样硬化切应力下单核细胞黏附的抑制。-康斯坦茨、K.、Tauchi、M.、Furtmair、R.、Urschel、K.、Raaz-Schrauder、D.、Neumann、A.-L.、Frohberger、S. J.、Hoerauf、A.、Regus、S.、Lang、W.、Sagban、T. A.、Stumpfe、F. M.、Achenbach、S.、Hübner、M. P.、Dietel、B. Filarial extract of induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice.