Identification and Cultivar Reaction to Three New Races of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen from the United States and Europe.

Since 1996, commercial spinach cultivars with resistance to four previously described races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (races 1, 2, 3, and 4) were observed with high incidences of downy mildew both in California and Europe. Isolates of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae collected in California between 1997 and 2001, Arizona in 1999, and a single isolate collected in the Netherlands in 1996 were examined for their disease reaction on differential spinach cultivars and a set of commercial spinach cultivars. Disease reactions on the differential cultivars indicated the occurrence of three new races of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae. Two newly identified races, designated race 5 (isolate CA1) and race 6 (isolate SP1), were detected in the United States. The isolate from the Netherlands also was distinct and designated race 7 (isolate JVN7). Some cultivars with resistance to races 1, 2, 3, and 4 were susceptible to race 5, whereas others were resistant, indicating that resistance to a given race may be governed by different genes (or alleles) depending on the source of resistance. A survey of races in California indicated that races 5 and 6 predominated. Although the majority of the cultivars examined were susceptible to race 6 based on the traditional qualitative cotyledon inoculation assay, significant quantitative differences in resistance to race 6 were observed using a true-leaf greenhouse screening procedure. Although more work is needed to confirm the results of the true-leaf assays, the quantitative resistance observed using this procedure appears to be race specific.