Determinants of depressive symptoms in Filipino senior citizens of the community-based ENGAGE study.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the factors associated with depressive symptoms among community-dwelling Filipino senior citizens.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1021 Filipino senior citizens aged 60-91 years. We used multiple linear regression analysis to identify the factors independently associated with levels of depressive symptoms. We predicted the model using hierarchical regression analysis.

RESULTS

Both men and women who had higher subjective psychological well-being showed a lower level of depressive symptoms while those who had negative self-rated health and reported to be lonely showed a contrasting result. Among women, those who reported positive self-rated health, and had higher psychological resilience and social interaction, showed a lower level of depressive symptoms. Moreover, among women, those who had chronic diseases showed a higher level of depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that loneliness was the most powerful predictor of depressive symptoms among Filipino senior citizens.

DISCUSSION

Loneliness and chronic diseases are the major risk factors for depressive symptoms while a higher level of subjective psychological well-being is the primary protective factor against it among Filipino senior citizens. To be free from depression, their psychological well-being should be strengthened through active social engagement and healthcare service improvement.