Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 1 Technology Court, Pullenvale, Queensland, 4069, Australia.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Apr;247:1110-1124. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.085. Epub 2019 Feb 6.
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental issue. Conventionally, a number of active and passive remediation approaches are applied to treat and manage AMD. Case studies on remediation approaches applied in actual mining sites such as lime neutralization, bioremediation, wetlands and permeable reactive barriers provide an outlook on actual long-term implications of AMD remediation. Hence, in spite of available remediation approaches, AMD treatment remains a challenge. The need for sustainable AMD treatment approaches has led to much focus on water reuse and resource recovery. This review underscores (i) characteristics and implication of AMD, (ii) remediation approaches in mining sites, (iii) alternative treatment technologies for water reuse, and (iv) resource recovery. Specifically, the role of membrane processes and alternative treatment technologies to produce water for reuse from AMD is highlighted. Although membrane processes are favorable for water reuse, they cannot achieve resource recovery, specifically selective valuable metal recovery. The approach of integrated membrane and conventional treatment processes are especially promising for attaining both water reuse and recovery of resources such as sulfuric acid, metals and rare earth elements. Overall, this review provides insights in establishing reuse and resource recovery as the holistic approach towards sustainable AMD treatment. Finally, integrated technologies that deserve in depth future exploration is highlighted.
酸性矿山排水（AMD）是一个全球性的环境问题。传统上，采用了许多主动和被动的修复方法来处理和管理 AMD。对实际矿山应用的修复方法（如石灰中和、生物修复、湿地和渗透反应屏障）的案例研究提供了对 AMD 修复的实际长期影响的展望。因此，尽管有可用的修复方法，AMD 的处理仍然是一个挑战。对可持续 AMD 处理方法的需求促使人们更加关注水的再利用和资源回收。本综述强调了：（i）AMD 的特征和影响，（ii）矿山修复方法，（iii）水再利用的替代处理技术，以及（iv）资源回收。具体而言，强调了膜过程和替代处理技术在从 AMD 中生产再用水的作用。虽然膜过程有利于水的再利用，但它们不能实现资源回收，特别是选择性有价金属的回收。集成膜和传统处理工艺的方法对于实现水的再利用和回收硫酸、金属和稀土元素等资源特别有前途。总的来说，本综述为建立再利用和资源回收作为可持续 AMD 处理的整体方法提供了一些见解。最后，强调了值得深入探索的综合技术。
