Value of Three-Dimensional Imaging Systems for Image-Guided Carbon Ion Radiotherapy.

Carbon ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) allows excellent dose distribution because of the Bragg Peak. Compared with conventional radiotherapy, it delivers a higher dose with a smaller field. However, the dose distribution is sensitive to anatomical changes. Imaging technologies are necessary to reduce uncertainties during treatment, especially for hypofractionated and adaptive radiotherapy (ART). In-room computed tomography (CT) techniques, such as cone-beam CT (CBCT) and CT-on-rails are routinely used in photon centers and play a key role in improving treatment accuracy. For C-ion RT, there is an increasing demand for a three-dimensional (3D) image-guided system because of the limitations of the present two-dimensional (2D) imaging verification technology. This review discusses the current imaging system used in carbon ion centers and the potential benefits of a volumetric image-guided system.