Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Universite, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1,Canada.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Universite, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1,Canada.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2019 Mar 1;24(6):994-1023. doi: 10.2741/4764.
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease involving dysfunction of endothelial cells (EC) and enhanced permeability of the endothelium to oxidized low-density lipoprotein and the transmigration of monocytes from the blood to the intima where they are transformed into foam cells after lipid engulfment. Changes in the composition of the basement membrane leading to increased fibronectin deposition also occur and modify EC-extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanotransduction. The release of lipids due to foam cell apoptosis, as well as the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from the media to the intima and their proliferation, increase the stiffness of arteries at later stages of atherosclerosis. EC dysfunction also involves other factors, including soluble cytokines and growth factors (GF) such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). BMP-9 is a potent circulatory GF which has been shown to affect EC behavior. However, to date, few studies have investigated its role in atherosclerosis. The present review describes the histology and homeostasis of arteries by explaining EC function/dysfunction and discusses BMP-9 effect on EC behavior, considering factors engaged in the development of atherosclerosis.
动脉粥样硬化是一种炎症性疾病，涉及内皮细胞（EC）功能障碍和内皮对氧化型低密度脂蛋白的通透性增强，以及单核细胞从血液向内膜迁移，在那里它们在吞噬脂质后转化为泡沫细胞。基底膜组成的变化导致纤维连接蛋白沉积增加，也会改变 EC-细胞外基质（ECM）的力学转导。由于泡沫细胞凋亡导致脂质释放，以及血管平滑肌细胞从中膜向内膜迁移和增殖，增加了动脉粥样硬化后期的动脉僵硬。EC 功能障碍还涉及其他因素，包括可溶性细胞因子和生长因子（GF），如骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）。BMP-9 是一种有效的循环 GF，已被证明可影响 EC 的行为。然而，迄今为止，很少有研究调查其在动脉粥样硬化中的作用。本综述通过解释 EC 功能/障碍描述了动脉的组织学和动态平衡，并讨论了 BMP-9 对 EC 行为的影响，同时考虑了参与动脉粥样硬化发展的因素。
