Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies, Lund, Sweden.
cE3c -Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
PLoS One. 2019 Mar 7;14(3):e0212174. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212174. eCollection 2019.
The ecosystem services approach can inform decision-making by accounting for both short- and long-term benefits from different land use options. Here we used the InVEST toolkit to quantify and map key ecosystem services at the largest publicly-owned agro-silvo-pastoral farmstead in Portugal-a site representative for the montado landscape. We analyzed how Provisioning (cork production) and Regulating & Maintenance (carbon storage and sequestration) services would be affected under three land use change scenarios, which were developed in collaboration with the forest manager of the study area: Cattle Intensification, Forest Improvement, and Residential Development. Results show that increasing cattle or residential development would deliver substantially lower levels of services. We find that extensive management, improvements to forest quality, and promotion of traditional livestock grazing would provide the highest levels of assessed ecosystem services, resulting in 13.5% more carbon storage (worth between $0.34-$7.79 million USD depending on carbon price) and 62.7% more cork production (total value of USD $3.5 million) than the current land use. However, a shift in economic incentives to make sustainable cork harvesting and traditional low-density grazing of smaller ruminants like sheep and goats profitable are likely needed to reward traditional land stewardship and help support this iconic Mediterranean landscape in the future.
生态系统服务方法可以通过考虑不同土地利用选择的短期和长期利益来为决策提供信息。在这里，我们使用 InVEST 工具包来量化和绘制葡萄牙最大的公共农牧场的关键生态系统服务，该农场代表了 montado 景观。我们分析了在三种土地利用变化情景下，供应（软木生产）和调节与维护（碳储存和固存）服务将如何受到影响，这三种情景是与研究区域的森林经理合作制定的：牛群集约化、森林改良和住宅开发。结果表明，增加牛群或住宅开发将导致服务水平大幅下降。我们发现，广泛的管理、提高森林质量和促进传统牲畜放牧将提供最高水平的评估生态系统服务，从而增加 13.5%的碳储存（价值在 340 万至 779 万美元之间，具体取决于碳价格）和 62.7%的软木产量（总价值 350 万美元），比当前土地利用情况多。然而，需要改变经济激励措施，使可持续的软木收获和传统的低密度放牧小反刍动物（如绵羊和山羊）有利可图，以奖励传统的土地管理，并帮助支持未来这种标志性的地中海景观。
