Energy Politics Group , ETH Zurich , Haldeneggsteig 4 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland.
Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , PSI , Switzerland.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Apr 2;53(7):3379-3390. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05313. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
Stationary batteries are an important technological option for renewable energy-based decarbonization of the electricity sector, as they can counterbalance renewable energy sources' intermittency and provide grid-stabilizing services. However, it has been argued that the additional economic cost of batteries, emissions occurring during the manufacturing phase of batteries, and emissions caused by losses during the use phase can reduce batteries' potential in supporting the decarbonization of the electricity sector. Here, we perform a new battery production- and use-phase lifecycle emissions and cost analysis to calculate the additional lifecycle greenhoues gas (GHG) emissions (LCE) and costs (LCC) that arise from storing electricity in six different battery technologies, five applications, and three different geographies. Our results show that the LCE of storing electricity are strongly determined by application and geography, whereas LCC vary with application and technology. Lithium-ion technologies perform best across most applications and geographies on both the LCE and LCC dimensions. Furthermore, we only identify trade-offs between the LCC and the GHG emissions cost when assuming a high social cost of GHG emissions of 180 EUR/tonCOe. Based on our results, we discuss which dimensions of technological improvement of battery technologies are most desirable from a societal perspective.
固定式电池是可再生能源电力部门脱碳的重要技术选择，因为它们可以平衡可再生能源的间歇性，并提供电网稳定服务。然而，有人认为，电池的额外经济成本、电池制造阶段的排放以及使用阶段损失造成的排放，可能会降低电池在支持电力部门脱碳方面的潜力。在这里，我们进行了新的电池生产和使用阶段生命周期排放和成本分析，以计算在六种不同电池技术、五种应用和三个不同地理位置中储存电力所产生的额外生命周期温室气体 (GHG) 排放 (LCE) 和成本 (LCC)。我们的结果表明，储存电力的 LCE 主要取决于应用和地理位置，而 LCC 则随应用和技术而变化。在 LCE 和 LCC 方面，锂离子技术在大多数应用和地理位置上的表现都优于其他技术。此外，只有当假设 GHG 排放的社会成本为 180 欧元/吨 COe 时，我们才会在 LCC 和 GHG 排放成本之间发现权衡。基于我们的结果，我们讨论了从社会角度来看，电池技术在哪些方面的技术改进是最可取的。
