Expanded peripheral CD4CD28 T cells and its association with atherosclerotic changes in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, including those on hemodialysis, possess a high risk for cardiovascular diseases, as the first leading cause of death among them. Traditional risk factors do not utterly elucidate this. Throughout the last two decades, CD4CD28 T cells; an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, was detected high with excess cardiovascular (CV) mortality. We aimed to investigate the circulating CD4CD28 T cells frequency in ESRD patients on hemodialysis and to evaluate their relationship with atherosclerotic changes. High-resolution carotid ultrasonography was done to assess the common carotid artery intima media thickness in a number of ESRD patients, accordingly patients were selected and subdivided into two groups; 30 with atherosclerosis (mean [SD] age, 51.6 [6.3] years) and 30 without (mean [SD] age, 48.9 [5.5] years). Another 30 healthy individuals (mean [SD] age, 48.5 [6.8] years) were enrolled. Analysis of CD4CD28 T-cells frequency by flow-cytometry was performed in all studied subjects. CD4CD28 T cell percentage was significantly higher in ESRD patients, (mean [SD], 7.3 [2.7] %) compared to healthy individuals (mean [SD], 3.0 [0.8] %), (p < 0.001). Additionally, the expansion of these unusual T lymphocytes was significantly higher in ESRD patients with atherosclerotic changes (mean [SD], 9.47 [0.75] %) compared to those without atherosclerosis (mean [SD], 5.22 [2.14] %), (p < 0.001). In conclusion circulating CD4CD28 T lymphocyte population showed expansion in ESRD patients, and of interest in correlation to preclinical atherosclerotic changes.