Predictive biomarkers for PD-1 and PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

The immune system is very important for monitoring and eradicating cancer cells. However, there may be multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms to prevent effective antitumor immunity in the tumor environment, such as the negative immunologic regulators known as checkpoints. Antibodies that block the checkpoints programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway have made great success. Nevertheless, the response rates are likely to vary widely. Therefore, several researches are currently underway to determine which biomarkers are able to identify the group of patients who can obtain benefits from PD-1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint blockade therapy. This review focuses on potential predictive biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in order to provide advice and guidance for clinical treatment.