Whyte Tom, Stuart Cameron, Mallory Ann, Ghajari Mazdak, Plant Daniel, Siegmund Gunter P, Cripton Peter A
Orthopaedic Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Transportation Research Center Inc., OH, USA; The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State University, OH, USA.
J Biomech Eng. 2019 Mar 12. doi: 10.1115/1.4043140.
Standards for sports headgear were introduced as far back as the 1960s and many have remained substantially unchanged to present day. Since this time, headgear has virtually eliminated catastrophic head injuries such as skull fractures and changed the landscape of head injuries in sports. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is now a prevalent concern and the effectiveness of headgear in mitigating mTBI is inconclusive for most sports. Given that most current headgear standards are confined to attenuating linear head mechanics and recent brain injury studies have underscored the importance of angular mechanics in the genesis of mTBI, new or expanded standards are needed to foster headgear development and assess headgear performance that addresses all types of sport-related head and brain injuries. The aim of this review is to provide a basis for developing new sports headgear impact tests for standards by summarizing and critiquing: 1) impact testing procedures currently codified in published headgear standards for sports and 2) new or proposed headgear impact test procedures in published literature and/or relevant conferences. Research areas identified as needing further knowledge to support standards test development include defining sports-specific head impact conditions, establishing injury and age appropriate headgear assessment criteria, and the development of headgear specific head and neck surrogates for at-risk populations.
早在20世纪60年代就引入了运动头盔标准，其中许多标准至今基本未变。从那时起，头盔几乎消除了诸如颅骨骨折等灾难性头部损伤，并改变了体育运动中头部损伤的情况。轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）现在是一个普遍关注的问题，对于大多数运动项目而言，头盔在减轻mTBI方面的有效性尚无定论。鉴于当前大多数头盔标准仅限于减弱线性头部力学，而最近的脑损伤研究强调了角向力学在mTBI发生过程中的重要性，因此需要新的或扩展的标准来促进头盔的研发，并评估能够应对所有类型运动相关头部和脑部损伤的头盔性能。本综述的目的是通过总结和批判以下内容，为制定新的运动头盔冲击测试标准提供依据：1）目前在已发布的运动头盔标准中编纂的冲击测试程序，以及2）已发表文献和/或相关会议中提出的新的或拟议的头盔冲击测试程序。被确定为需要进一步了解以支持标准测试开发的研究领域包括定义特定运动的头部撞击条件、建立适合损伤和年龄的头盔评估标准，以及为高危人群开发特定于头盔的头部和颈部替代物。
