Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019 Jul;92(5):661-672. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01401-y. Epub 2019 Mar 12.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found inconsistent associations between working hours and depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible moderators of this association, using data from a large-scale cross-sectional survey.
A total of 16,136 Japanese employees (men 83.5%; women 16.5%) responded to a self-administered questionnaire inquiring about overtime working hours during the previous month and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale), as well as moderating factors including gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, commuting time, sleeping hours per day, job control and worksite social support (Job Content Questionnaire), neuroticism (Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire Revised), and social desirability (Social Desirability Scale) (response rate, 85%). We conducted sequential regression analyses to investigate the main effects and interaction effects of all moderating variables.
The association between overtime working hours and depressive symptoms was significantly moderated by gender (interaction effect: β = 0.03), age (β = - 0.02), manager (β = 0.03), sleeping hours (β = - 0.02), job control (β = - 0.03), and neuroticism (β = 0.02). Among workers engaged in 80 + hours of overtime, higher depressive symptoms were reported by women, younger employees, non-managers, employees with low job control, low worksite social support, and high neuroticism. A significant main effect of long overtime working hours on depressive symptoms was also observed even after controlling for all independent variables (β = 0.02).
Long overtime working hours is associated with depressive symptoms. We also found significant heterogeneity in the association according to employee characteristics, which may explain the inconsistent findings in previous literature.
系统评价和荟萃分析发现，工作时间与抑郁症状之间的关联不一致。本研究的目的是使用大规模横断面调查的数据，调查这种关联的可能调节因素。
共有 16136 名日本员工（男性 83.5%；女性 16.5%）对一份自我管理的问卷做出了回应，该问卷询问了前一个月的加班工作时间和抑郁症状（流行病学研究抑郁量表），以及性别、年龄、婚姻状况、社会经济地位、通勤时间、每天睡眠时间、工作控制和工作场所社会支持（工作内容问卷）、神经质（艾森克人格问卷修订版）和社交期望（社交期望量表）等调节因素（应答率为 85%）。我们进行了顺序回归分析，以调查所有调节变量的主要效应和交互效应。
加班工作时间与抑郁症状的关系显著受性别（交互效应：β=0.03）、年龄（β=-0.02）、经理（β=0.03）、睡眠时间（β=-0.02）、工作控制（β=-0.03）和神经质（β=0.02）的调节。在从事 80 小时以上加班工作的员工中，女性、年轻员工、非经理、工作控制低、工作场所社会支持低和神经质高的员工报告抑郁症状较高。即使在控制了所有自变量后，长时间加班工作时间与抑郁症状之间也存在显著的主效应（β=0.02）。
长时间加班工作与抑郁症状有关。我们还发现，根据员工特征，这种关联存在显著的异质性，这可能解释了先前文献中不一致的发现。
