大学生游泳运动员季前训练期间的肌肉损伤、酸痛与压力

Muscle Damage, Soreness, and Stress During Preseason Training in Collegiate Swimmers.

作者信息

Rusnak Mario, VanderMeulen Melissa, Byrd Brigid, Byrd Gregory, Rusnak Raychel, Martin Jeffrey, Hew-Butler Tamara

机构信息

Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan.

Athletics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

出版信息

Clin J Sport Med. 2021 May 1;31(3):237-243. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000736.

DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000736

PMID:30870201

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In 2014, 6 collegiate swimmers were hospitalized for symptomatic exertional rhabdomyolysis.

OBJECTIVE

To serially monitor and assess relationships between skeletal muscle membrane disruption, upper body soreness (UBS) and lower body soreness (LBS), and stress during the first 6 weeks (timepoints) of preseason training in collegiate male and female swimmers.

DESIGN

Prospective observational study.

SETTING

College/university.

PARTICIPANTS

Forty swimmers.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Upper and lower body soreness rating (0-10); testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and T/C ratio.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (over time) versus independent variables.

RESULTS

Weekly training load consisted of ∼87% swimming, ∼5% running, and ∼8% weight training, which increased from 15.8 hours to 20.5 total training hours per week over the first 6 weeks of training. Muscle damage in collegiate swimmers was modest and peaked after the first week of training (week 2) for men (CK = 438 ± 259 U/L; P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.28; myoglobin = 47 ± 18 ng/mL; P = 0.001; r2 = 0.22) and women (CK = 446 ± 723 U/L; P < 0.01; r2 = 0.13; myoglobin = 63 ± 140 ng/mL, not significant) with high variability. Data were presented as peak mean ± SD, significant P value, and r2 from repeated-measures analysis of variance. A temporal disconnect was noted between muscle damage and UBS, which peaked at week 5 in both men (5 ± 2; P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.44) and women (6 ± 2; P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.57). The serum cortisol level decreased over time, which peaked at week 1 (baseline) in men (15 ± 6 μg/dL; P = 0.0004; r2 = 0.38) and women (19 ± 10 μg/dL; P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.49). The testosterone level remained unchanged, which promoted an anabolic hormonal environment that peaked at week 6 (increasing T/C ratio) in men (58 ± 32; P = 0.0003; r2 = 0.31) and women (4 ± 3; P = 0.04; r2 = 0.18) despite gradual increases in training and soreness.

CONCLUSIONS

Muscle soreness does not parallel muscle membrane disruption. A 1-week "transition" period is required for muscles to adapt to intense/novel training.

摘要

背景

2014年，6名大学游泳运动员因症状性运动性横纹肌溶解症住院。

目的

连续监测和评估大学男女游泳运动员季前训练前6周（时间点）骨骼肌膜破坏、上身酸痛（UBS）和下身酸痛（LBS）与压力之间的关系。

设计

前瞻性观察研究。

地点

学院/大学。

参与者

40名游泳运动员。

自变量

上身和下身酸痛评分（0 - 10）；睾酮（T）、皮质醇（C）和T/C比值。

主要观察指标

肌酸激酶（CK）和肌红蛋白（随时间变化）与自变量的关系。

结果

每周训练负荷包括约87%的游泳、约5%的跑步和约8%的重量训练，在训练的前6周，每周总训练时长从15.8小时增加到20.5小时。大学游泳运动员的肌肉损伤程度较轻，男性在训练第一周后（第2周）达到峰值（CK = 438 ± 259 U/L；P < 0.0001；r2 = 0.28；肌红蛋白 = 47 ± 18 ng/mL；P = 0.001；r2 = 0.22），女性（CK = 446 ± 723 U/L；P < 0.01；r2 = 0.13；肌红蛋白 = 63 ± 140 ng/mL，无显著性差异），个体差异较大。数据以峰值均值±标准差、显著P值和重复测量方差分析的r2表示。注意到肌肉损伤与上身酸痛之间存在时间上的脱节，男性（5 ± 2；P < 0.0001；r2 = 0.44）和女性（6 ± 2；P < 0.0001；r2 = 0.57）的上身酸痛在第5周达到峰值。血清皮质醇水平随时间下降，男性在第1周（基线）达到峰值（15 ± 6 μg/dL；P = 0.0004；r2 = 0.38），女性（19 ± 10 μg/dL；P < 0.0001；r2 = 0.49）。睾酮水平保持不变，尽管训练和酸痛逐渐增加，但在第6周促进了合成代谢激素环境达到峰值（T/C比值增加），男性（58 ± 32；P = 0.0003；r2 = 0.31）和女性（4 ± 3；P = 0.04；r2 = 0.18）。