Damastuti Ekaningrum, de Groot Rudolf
Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
Reg Environ Change. 2019;19(1):65-78. doi: 10.1007/s10113-018-1378-7. Epub 2018 Jul 18.
Assessment of mangrove ecosystem services (ES) is essential to understand and manage the contribution of these ecosystems to the well-being of local communities. They are the primary beneficiaries but their experience, knowledge, and information are frequently ignored in ES assessment and mapping. In this study, a participatory resource mapping (PRM) approach was applied using local knowledge and experience to analyze geo-referenced information on mangrove ecosystem services. Local communities were involved from the beginning in method selection, application, evaluation, and verification. This "inclusive participatory ES mapping" was conducted in two villages (Bedono and Timbulsloko, Central Java, Indonesia) from 2014 to 2015. Participants representing different community elements were involved in the mapping process. They first created a historical map of the situation in their villages roughly between 1980 and 1999 (before rehabilitation) and then described the subsequent environmental changes. The mapping exercise also documented different mangrove resources that are utilized by communities and identified key areas, such as harvesting zones, biodiversity hotspots, erosion zones, different fishing grounds, and newly rehabilitated areas. The maps reveal that integrating PRM and indigenous geo-referenced information can elicit past and contemporary information on (changes in) ecosystem service availability and use. The results show that by involving local communities from the beginning, the participatory ES mapping can facilitate social learning, provide the foundation for the creation of social capital, and equip the community with sufficient spatial information to improve local mangrove management. The participatory ES mapping approach presented in this paper can be used as a model to support local and regional decision-making processes and to enhance community-based mangrove management in other coastal regions in Indonesia and beyond.
评估红树林生态系统服务对于理解和管理这些生态系统对当地社区福祉的贡献至关重要。当地社区是主要受益者，但在生态系统服务评估和绘图中，他们的经验、知识和信息常常被忽视。在本研究中，采用了参与式资源绘图（PRM）方法，利用当地知识和经验分析红树林生态系统服务的地理参考信息。从一开始就让当地社区参与方法选择、应用、评估和验证。这种“包容性参与式生态系统服务绘图”于2014年至2015年在印度尼西亚爪哇中部的两个村庄（贝多诺和廷布尔斯洛科）进行。代表不同社区元素的参与者参与了绘图过程。他们首先绘制了大致在1980年至1999年（恢复之前）其村庄情况的历史地图，然后描述了随后的环境变化。绘图活动还记录了社区利用的不同红树林资源，并确定了关键区域，如收获区、生物多样性热点地区、侵蚀区、不同的渔场和新恢复的区域。这些地图显示，将参与式资源绘图与本地地理参考信息相结合，可以获取有关生态系统服务可用性和使用（变化）的过去和当代信息。结果表明，从一开始就让当地社区参与，参与式生态系统服务绘图可以促进社会学习，为创造社会资本奠定基础，并为社区提供足够的空间信息以改善当地红树林管理。本文提出的参与式生态系统服务绘图方法可作为一种模式，以支持地方和区域决策过程，并加强印度尼西亚及其他地区其他沿海地区基于社区的红树林管理。
