Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
Front Immunol. 2019 Feb 27;10:300. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00300. eCollection 2019.
The glycosciences aim to understand the impact of extracellular and intracellular carbohydrate structures on biological function. These glycans primarily fall into three major groups: lipid-linked carbohydrates that are referred to as glycosphingolipids or simply glycolipids; relatively short carbohydrate chains that are often O- or N-linked to proteins yielding common glycoproteins; and extended linear polymeric carbohydrate structures that are referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Whereas, the impact of such carbohydrate structures has been extensively examined in cancer biology, their role in acute and chronic heart disease is less studied. In this context, a growing body of evidence indicates that glycans play an important role in immune mediated cell recruitment to damaged heart tissue to initiate wound healing and repair after injury. This is particularly important following ischemia and reperfusion that occurs in the heart in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Here, immune system-mediated repair of the damaged myocardium plays a critical role in determining post-infarction ventricular remodeling, cardiac function, and patient outcome. Further, alterations in immune cell activity can promote the development of heart failure. The present review summarizes our current understanding of the phases of immune-mediated repair following myocardial infarction. It discusses what is known regarding glycans in mediating the recruitment of circulating immune cells during the early inflammatory stage of post-infarction repair, with focus on the selectin family of adhesion molecules. It offers future directions for research aimed at utilizing our knowledge of mechanisms underlying immune cell recruitment to either modulate leukocyte recruitment to the injured tissue or enhance the targeted delivery of biologic therapeutics such as stem cells in an attempt to promote repair of the damaged heart.
糖科学旨在研究细胞外和细胞内碳水化合物结构对生物功能的影响。这些聚糖主要分为三大类：脂连接的碳水化合物，称为糖脂或简单的糖脂；相对较短的碳水化合物链，通常通过 O 或 N 连接到蛋白质上，产生常见的糖蛋白；以及延伸的线性聚合碳水化合物结构，称为糖胺聚糖 (GAGs)。虽然这些碳水化合物结构的影响在癌症生物学中已经得到了广泛的研究，但它们在急性和慢性心脏病中的作用研究较少。在这种情况下，越来越多的证据表明，聚糖在免疫介导的细胞募集到受损的心脏组织中发挥重要作用，以启动损伤后的愈合和修复。这在急性心肌梗死中心脏发生缺血再灌注时尤为重要。在这里，免疫系统介导的受损心肌修复在确定梗死后心室重构、心脏功能和患者预后方面起着关键作用。此外，免疫细胞活性的改变会促进心力衰竭的发展。本综述总结了我们目前对心肌梗死后免疫介导修复的各个阶段的理解。它讨论了在梗死后修复的早期炎症阶段，聚糖在募集循环免疫细胞方面的作用，重点是选择素家族的黏附分子。它为旨在利用我们对免疫细胞募集机制的了解的研究提供了未来的方向，以调节白细胞向受损组织的募集，或增强生物治疗药物（如干细胞）的靶向递送，以试图促进受损心脏的修复。
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