Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Apr;26(12):11631-11661. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04767-1. Epub 2019 Mar 15.
Biogas is acknowledged as one of the foremost bioenergy to address the current environmental and energy challenges being faced by the world. Commonly, biogas is used for applications like cooking, lighting, heat and power production. To widen the scope of biogas application, like transportation, natural gas grid injection and substrate for the production of chemicals and fuel cells, mainly CO, HS and other impurities need to be removed by various upgrading technologies. It is an important process to produce biomethane with above 90% methane. There are various physico-chemical (adsorption, absorption, cryogenic and membrane separations) and biological (in situ and ex situ) processes for biogas upgradation, and each process is site and case specific. The aim of the present paper is to thoroughly evaluate the existing and emerging biogas upgrading technologies. Analysis of each technology with respect to basis of operations, energy requirement, methane purity and recovery and cost economics has been carried out. A thorough analysis has been done on the major hurdles and the research gaps in this sector. For a wider and successful implementation of the biogas upgradation technology, the trends in research and development (R&D) such as development of efficient biogas upgrading technologies, adsorbents, reduction in cost and methane loss have been thoroughly evaluated.
沼气被公认为应对世界当前环境和能源挑战的首要生物能源之一。通常，沼气用于烹饪、照明、供暖和发电等应用。为了扩大沼气的应用范围，如用于运输、天然气电网注入以及用于生产化学品和燃料电池的基质，主要需要通过各种升级技术去除 CO、HS 和其他杂质。这是生产甲烷含量超过 90%的生物甲烷的重要过程。沼气升级有各种物理化学（吸附、吸收、低温和膜分离）和生物（原位和异位）过程，每种过程都具有特定的场地和案例。本文的目的是彻底评估现有的和新兴的沼气升级技术。对每种技术进行了分析，涉及操作基础、能源需求、甲烷纯度和回收率以及成本经济性。对该领域的主要障碍和研究空白进行了彻底分析。为了更广泛和成功地实施沼气升级技术，对研发（R&D）趋势进行了彻底评估，例如开发高效的沼气升级技术、吸附剂、降低成本和甲烷损失。
