Department of Environmental Science (DES), School of Environmental Science (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Lucknow, UP, 226025, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Apr;26(12):11662-11673. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04816-9. Epub 2019 Mar 16.
Constructed wetland microcosms (CWMs) are artificially designed ecosystem which utilizes both complex and ordinary interactions between supporting media, macrophytes, and microorganisms to treat almost all types of wastewater. CWMs are considered as green and sustainable techniques which require lower energy input, less operational and maintenance cost and provide critical ecological benefits such as wildlife habitat, aquaculture, groundwater recharge, flood control, recreational uses, and add aesthetic value. They are good alternatives to conventional treatment systems particularly for smaller communities as well as distant and decentralized locations. The pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature are the key controlling factors while several other parameters such as hydraulic loading rates (HLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), diversity of macrophytes, supporting media, and water depth are critical to achieving better performance. From the literature survey, it is evaluated that the removal performance of CWMs can be improved significantly through recirculation of effluent and artificial aeration (intermittent). This review paper presents an assessment of CWMs as a sustainable option for treatment of wastewater nutrients, organics, and heavy metals from domestic wastewater. Initially, a concise note on the CWMs and their components are presented, followed by a description of treatment mechanisms, major constituents involved in the treatment process, and overall efficiency. Finally, the effects of ecological factors and challenges for their long-term operations are highlighted.
人工湿地微宇宙（CWMs）是一种人为设计的生态系统，利用支撑介质、大型水生植物和微生物之间的复杂和普通相互作用来处理几乎所有类型的废水。CWMs 被认为是绿色和可持续的技术，它需要较低的能源投入、较少的操作和维护成本，并提供关键的生态效益，如野生动物栖息地、水产养殖、地下水补给、洪水控制、娱乐用途，并增加美学价值。它们是传统处理系统的良好替代品，特别是对于较小的社区以及偏远和分散的地点。pH 值、溶解氧（DO）和温度是关键控制因素，而其他几个参数，如水力负荷率（HLR）、水力停留时间（HRT）、大型水生植物、支撑介质和水深的多样性，对于实现更好的性能至关重要。从文献综述来看，通过回流废水和人工曝气（间歇式）可以显著提高 CWMs 的去除性能。本文综述了 CWMs 作为一种可持续的废水处理技术，用于处理生活污水中的营养物质、有机物和重金属。首先，简要介绍了 CWMs 及其组成部分，然后描述了处理机制、处理过程中涉及的主要成分和整体效率。最后，强调了生态因素的影响和长期运行的挑战。
