Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Mar 17;16(6):954. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16060954.
How a disease is transmitted affects our ability to determine R₀, the average number of new cases caused by an infectious host at the onset of an epidemic. R₀ becomes progressively more difficult to compute as transmission varies from directly transmitted diseases to diseases that are vector-borne to environmentally transmitted diseases. Pathogens responsible for diseases with environmental transmission are typically maintained in environmental reservoirs that exhibit a complex spatial distribution of local infectious zones (LIZs). Understanding host encounters with LIZs and pathogen persistence within LIZs is required for an accurate R₀ and modeling these contacts requires an integrated geospatial and dynamical systems approach. Here we review how interactions between host and pathogen populations and environmental reservoirs are driven by landscape-level variables, and synthesize the quantitative framework needed to formulate outbreak response and disease control.
疾病的传播方式会影响我们确定基本再生数 R₀ 的能力，R₀ 是指传染病宿主在传染病爆发时引起的新病例的平均数量。随着传播方式从直接传播疾病到媒介传播疾病再到环境传播疾病的变化，R₀ 变得越来越难以计算。导致具有环境传播的疾病的病原体通常存在于环境储库中，这些储库具有局部感染区（LIZ）的复杂空间分布。为了准确计算 R₀，需要了解宿主与 LIZ 的接触以及 LIZ 内病原体的持续存在，而对这些接触进行建模则需要采用综合的地理空间和动力系统方法。在这里，我们回顾了宿主和病原体种群与环境储库之间的相互作用是如何受到景观水平变量驱动的，并综合了制定疫情应对和疾病控制所需的定量框架。
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