The Gid-complex: an emerging player in the ubiquitin ligase league.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gid-complex is a highly evolutionary conserved ubiquitin ligase with at least seven protein subunits. Here, we review our knowledge about the yeast Gid-complex as an important regulator of glucose metabolism, specifically targeting key enzymes of gluconeogenesis for degradation. Furthermore, we summarize existing data about the individual subunits, the topology and possible substrate recognition mechanisms and compare the striking similarities, but also differences, between the yeast complex and its vertebrate counterpart. Present data is summarized to give an overview about cellular processes regulated by the vertebrate GID-complex that range from cell cycle regulation, primary cilia function to the regulation of energy homeostasis. In conclusion, the vertebrate GID-complex evolved as a versatile ubiquitin ligase complex with functions beyond the regulation of glucose metabolism.