Camacho-Cruz Karla A, Ortiz-Hernández Ma Concepción, Sánchez Alberto, Carrillo Laura, De Jesús Navarrete Alberto
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Mexico.
Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 May;27(14):15967-15983. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04757-3. Epub 2019 Mar 22.
Water quality in the Mexican Caribbean is affected by increases in tourism infrastructure and poor wastewater treatment. Additionally, karst geomorphology facilitates the infiltration of organic matter to subterranean water and coastal fresh water that originates from submarine groundwater discharges (SGDs), altering the environment. The tourism infrastructure grows at different rates along the Caribbean coast, characterizing zones with diverse levels of tourism impact. The aim of this work was to measure nutrient concentrations in superficial coastal water and fresh water to evaluate the water quality through different zones along a gradient from intermediate- (Riviera Maya) to low-tourism (Costa Maya) development regions. Furthermore, this study aimed to compare the measured nutrient concentrations with the Mexican ecological criteria of water quality 001/89 (CE-CCA-001/89), detect possible contributions by SGDs, and determine whether the nitrogen (N) sources are anthropogenic using stable nitrogen isotopes in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. According to the results, nutrient concentrations (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphate) differed significantly between the Riviera Maya and Costa Maya (P = 0.0001). Sites such as Shambala, Chávez, Tankah, Mahahual 2, Tulum, Akumal, and Xahuayxol exceeded the upper levels set by the CE-CCA-001/89. Tankah, Shambala, and Chávez were influenced by SGDs. The nitrogen isotope ratio in Akumal and Tulum coast water shows that they are under N loading derived to the sewage percentage of δN in Akumal, Tulum, and Mahahual, showing that these sites suffer N loading due to sewage. Our study recommends continuous monitoring and coastal characterization to detect SGD and to regulate, treat, and dispose of sewage.
墨西哥加勒比地区的水质受到旅游基础设施增加和污水处理不善的影响。此外，岩溶地貌有利于有机物质渗入地下水和源自海底地下水排放（SGD）的沿海淡水，从而改变环境。加勒比海岸沿线的旅游基础设施以不同速度增长，形成了旅游影响程度各异的区域。这项工作的目的是测量沿海表层水和淡水中的营养物质浓度，以评估从中等旅游发展地区（里维埃拉玛雅）到低旅游发展地区（科斯塔玛雅）不同区域的水质。此外，本研究旨在将测得的营养物质浓度与墨西哥水质生态标准001/89（CE - CCA - 001/89）进行比较，检测SGD的可能贡献，并使用海草泰来草中的稳定氮同位素确定氮（N）源是否为人为来源。根据结果，里维埃拉玛雅和科斯塔玛雅之间的营养物质浓度（铵、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和正磷酸盐）存在显著差异（P = 0.0001）。尚巴ala、查韦斯、坦卡、马哈瓦尔2、图卢姆、阿库马尔和哈韦克索尔等地点超过了CE - CCA - 001/89设定的上限。坦卡、尚巴ala和查韦斯受到SGD的影响。阿库马尔和图卢姆沿海水中的氮同位素比值表明它们受到氮负荷的影响，阿库马尔、图卢姆和马哈瓦尔的污水中δN的百分比表明这些地点因污水而遭受氮负荷。我们的研究建议持续监测和进行海岸特征描述，以检测SGD并对污水进行监管、处理和处置。
