Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Sahlihaus 2, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2020;428:89-102. doi: 10.1007/82_2019_160.
A large number of vaccines exist that control many of the most important infectious diseases. Despite these successes, there remain many pathogens without effective prophylactic vaccines. Notwithstanding strong difference in the biology of these infectious agents, there exist common problems in vaccine design. Many infectious agents have highly variable surface antigens and/or unusually high antibody levels are required for protection. Such high variability may be addressed by using conserved epitopes and these are, however, usually difficult to display with the right conformation in an immunogenic fashion. Exceptionally high antibody titers may be achieved using life vectors or virus-like display of the epitopes. Hence, an important goal in modern vaccinology is to induce high antibody responses against fragile antigens.
有大量疫苗可控制许多最重要的传染病。尽管取得了这些成功，但仍有许多病原体没有有效的预防性疫苗。尽管这些传染病原的生物学特性有很大差异，但在疫苗设计中存在一些共同的问题。许多传染病原具有高度可变的表面抗原，并且/或者需要高抗体水平才能提供保护。这种高度变异性可以通过使用保守表位来解决，但这些表位通常很难以正确的构象在免疫原性方式中展示。使用生活载体或类似病毒的方式展示表位可以实现极高的抗体滴度。因此，现代疫苗学的一个重要目标是诱导针对脆弱抗原的高抗体反应。
