Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, St Paul les Durance, 13115, France.
Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-ENV/SRTE, St Paul les Durance, 13115, France.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Jun;249:560-565. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.061. Epub 2019 Mar 21.
Inspired by methods used for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), we constructed a series of indicators to appreciate the noxiousness of radioactive materials and wastes for human and ecosystem health. According to known potential human health and ecological effects of such materials, six main impact categories were considered to initiate the development of the method: human cancer and non-cancer effects vs. ecotoxicity, considering both chemotoxicity and radiotoxicity. For ecosystems, the noxiousness indicator is based on the concept of Potentially Affected Fraction (PAF), used as a damage indicator at the ecosystem level. The PAF express the toxic pressure on the environment due to one substance. It has been enlarged to mixtures of substances as multi-substances PAF (ms-PAF), and applied to a mix of stable and radioactive substances. Combining ecotoxicity data and a simplified model of exposure of fauna and flora, we proposed a chemotoxicity indicator and a radiotoxicity indicator, ultimately aggregated into a single indicator simply by addition. According to acknowledged practices in LCIA and corresponding available data, we suggested implementing to human health an approach similar to that applied to ecosystems. We produced eigth basic indicators combining effects categories (cancer and non cancer), exposure pathways (ingestion and inhlation) and substances (chemicals and radionuclides). The principle of additivity supporting the whole proposed approach allows their complete aggregation into a single indicator also for human health. Different source terms may be then easily directly compared in terms of human and ecological noxiousness. Applied to the time evolution of a High Level radioactive Waste (HLW), the method confirmed over 1 million years the dominance of the radiotoxicity in the noxiousness of the material for both humans and environment. However there is a change with time in the ranking of the most noxious substances, with stable metals contribution going progressively up. Finally, the HLW global noxiousness, integrating human health and ecological aspects, was assessed through time at three stages and showed a temporal decrease as expected from the dominance of the radiotoxicity.
受生命周期影响评估 (LCIA) 方法的启发，我们构建了一系列指标，以评估放射性材料和废物对人类和生态系统健康的危害性。根据已知的此类材料对人类健康和生态的潜在影响，考虑了六个主要的影响类别来开发该方法：人类癌症和非癌症影响与生态毒性，同时考虑了化学毒性和放射性毒性。对于生态系统，危害性指标基于潜在影响分数 (PAF) 的概念，用作生态系统层面的损害指标。PAF 表示由于一种物质对环境的毒性压力。它已被扩展到物质混合物中，作为多物质 PAF (ms-PAF)，并应用于稳定和放射性物质的混合物。结合生态毒性数据和简化的动植物暴露模型，我们提出了一个化学毒性指标和一个放射性毒性指标，最终通过简单相加将其聚合为一个单一指标。根据 LCIA 中的公认实践和相应的可用数据，我们建议对人类健康采用类似于对生态系统应用的方法。我们提出了八个基本指标，将影响类别（癌症和非癌症）、暴露途径（摄入和吸入）和物质（化学物质和放射性核素）结合起来。支持整个方法的加性原则允许将它们完全聚合为人类健康的单个指标。然后可以根据人类和生态危害性轻松地直接比较不同来源的指标。应用于高放废物 (HLW) 的时间演化，该方法在 100 多万年的时间内证实了放射性毒性在材料对人类和环境的危害性方面的主导地位。然而，随着时间的推移，最具危害性物质的排名发生了变化，稳定金属的贡献逐渐增加。最后，通过三个阶段对整合了人类健康和生态方面的 HLW 全球危害性进行了时间评估，结果显示随着放射性毒性的主导地位，危害性呈时间下降趋势。
